Outline and assess the different explanations of poverty in society Essay

Diagram and evaluate the various clarifications of neediness in the public eye - Essay Example Pushing further forward, we have to plot and survey the specific way concerning why destitution exists in the general public and what are the purposes behind the equivalent being inside it too. Destitution exists in light of the fact that there is a general inclination of weakness inside the general public and all the more along these lines, on those individuals who are in charge of it. This implies destitution exists because of a specific explanation †weakness brought about by ravenousness and narrow-mindedness of others who can achieve a change inside the general public however like to keep themselves calm and in the process gain increasingly more as time passes. Along these lines self-centeredness inside the elites is doubtlessly one issue that exposes the issue of destitution before the whole gang. Neediness can be limited however not so much completed since one fiasco or the other on the essence of the earth brings hopelessness for the individuals being talked about and consequently this prompts destitution which is essentially taken care of upon them. Anyway there are different purposes behind destitution to exist inside the general public also. Another point that is of hugeness here incorporates misuse at all potential levels. It implies that individuals who realize work however don't have position to appropriately advertise it are misused upon and fundamentally they get ‘used’ by other people who are undoubtedly the individuals sitting at the top, in any event on them. The chain of command is along these lines set start to finish, where the top most man or lady is doing sure things which are requesting favors, however in the legitimate sense for a modest expense. It implies that regardless of how appropriately the activity is finished by the capable work, he would not be paid for his work which is as per the common equity. Truth be told he will be advised to acknowledge at a value which would be route underneath the imprint so as to win future assignments of a comparative sort. This lures the worker to put forth a valiant effort, yet for a

Mt435 Unit 3 Assignment Free Essays

Presentation Question One Based on the data introduced in the situation/contextual investigation talk about Albatross Anchor’s seriousness according to (if it's not too much trouble address all things in the beneath list and offer help for your decisions): 1. Cost a) Cost of Production: To comprehend the expense of creation we should initially comprehend what two costs are significant to organization along what can make an organization pick up or lose benefit. First we see Variable cost which â€Å"depends on what materials and work are required for the company† and for this situation it is stays which can shift with the volume of grapples that is created (Russell Taylor, 2011). We will compose a custom paper test on Mt435 Unit 3 Assignment or on the other hand any comparable subject just for you Request Now The fixed expenses are â€Å"those that don't fluctuate with yield and ordinarily in rents, expostulation, protection, set-up cost and typical profit† (economicsonline. co. uk). Fixed expenses are typically known as your overheads. With regards to Albatross Anchor and the assembling of its grapple we can see that the fixed expense are down in light of the fact that they decided to produce in house. Taking a gander at the cost we can see that the expense of assembling mushrooms/ringer stays are $8. 00 for every pound and $11. 00 for each pound for the tangle snare stays. One needs to comprehend that Albatross sells their items are a similar rate as their rivals and their item are made basically for new water which can be a weakness. Another impediment that I saw is that the entirety of their produces are made in house which influence their expense too. With regards to transportation they just have two methods which is dispatching (bigger cargo ships) and truck delivering. In spite of the fact that there net revenue may on occasion be under 35% we additionally need to think on the off chance that they working effectively and everything that perhaps influenced if the assembling, dispatching or accepting lines go down. ) Economies of Scale in material buying: â€Å"A organization that accomplishes Economies of Scales bring down the normal expense per unit through expanded creation since fixed expenses are shared over an expanded number of goods† (Andexer, 2008). (By and large) less information costs, economies of scale (ES) are supposed to be acc omplished. Then again, this implies as an organization develops and creation units increment, an organization will have a superior opportunity to diminish its costs† (Investopedia. com). One needs to inquire as to whether, Albatross Anchors is creating grapples in little clumps how are they ready to meet the economies of scale? To be straightforward we can state they are most certainly not. In spite of the fact that the organization itself has developed from 4 to 130 individuals the organization yield/fabricating has not making the expense of yield drop. c) Cost of Raw Materials Sitting Idle in the Warehouse: â€Å"Raw materials can be named immediate or aberrant materials. Direct materials are: crude materials that can be genuinely and straightforwardly connected with the completed product† (simplestudies. com). With that being expressed in the event that the crude materials are sitting inert in the stockroom, at that point that will influence the overhead. This may likewise influence the delivery/accepting offices alongside the extra room that is accessible. d) Cost of Finished Goods Sitting Idle in the Warehouse: With both completed and crude materials sitting inert one needs to solicit how much from increment in cost is a result of the capacity is the organization taking. Numerous items at Albatross Anchor are not dispatched out until they demonstrated to proficient. 2. Speed of assembling process from request to completed item. Despite the fact that it might appear that because of restricted measure of grapples that are made are delivered the assembling of the item would be productive and powerful. However, from the video and the entirety of the perusing I would need to state that because of the kinds of machines that is requirement for each grapple that speed and quality possibly influence now and again. There are various kinds of machines that are required for each grapple alongside ensuring that workers are prepared well to run the machines. With that being expressed between changing each machine/product offering it might slow the way toward making every item. 3. Adaptability in filling order(s). With regards to the adaptability of taking care of request Albatross just sells their stays at discount cost and it is fundamentally to organizations and not the general customer/open. Another factor to consider is the manner in which the structure is set up alongside the restricted measure of room that is accessible in the distribution center between every office. Numerous things relying upon the size and amount can take a long time so as to dispatch that specific request. 4. Innovation. With regards to our present world and as much innovation that is utilized one may feel that they would have figured out how to put it use inside beneficiary organization yet that isn't the situation. Gooney bird Anchors just tend to changes as they come making them fall behind with regards to innovation. The machines are more established which makes them wonder about the additional cost that it might cause to prop them up. 5. Limit and offices. Subsequent to auditin g the video I see that their offices are in poor conditions making it harder for some to work that sort of condition. The managerial office have no space/request to them alongside their delivery or accepting office influencing how the organization streams on a day by day bases. Not having enough space alongside spotless, sorted out offices can influence the produce and yield of an organization. 6. Administration to clients. Gooney bird Anchors just offer to wholesalers not so much having a relationship to their buyers. Since a significant number of items are sold by dissemination organizations or OEM organizations for the most part have huge requests one may not know the genuine help that is being given. Another factor to consider is that they sell their items at a similar rate as their rivals so there will never be any genuine markdown making a bigger customer base. I would propose making the ways for different buyers to help widen the market. Question Two There are numerous ways that mushroom/ringer stays might be produced. Gooney bird Anchor is thinking about two new assembling forms (Process An and Process B) to lessen costs. Examination of the data beneath will help figure out which procedure has the most minimal breakeven point (this approves the procedure is more practical). For each procedure the accompanying fixed expenses and variable expenses are recognized underneath: Anchor and ProcessProcess AProcess B Deal cost per anchor$45. 00$45. 00 Total Fixed expense $ 650,000. 00$950,000. 00 Variable expense for each anchor$ 36. 00$ 29. 99 Based on the data in the table above complete the table beneath: Anchor and ProcessProcess AProcess B (a) Fixed expenses per stay 650000950000 (b) The all out number of grapples to accomplish breakâ€even point for Process An and Process B 72,22263,291. 14 (c) Based on your figurings which Process (An or B) that you would suggest for appropriation (you can choose just one). It would be ideal if you try to clarify how you come to your end result. By and by since the breakeven purpose of the two has been determined I would need to suggest utilizing process B in light of the expense and the sum that has are delivered. Inside an organization we as a whole need to consider what will be gainful at long last and that is another motivation behind why I went with Process B. Decision Albatross Anchor is a privately-owned company that began with just four individuals and it developed to 130. This organization has went along way and can possibly develop considerably greater it they can convey item quality and furthermore utilizing a portion of the more current innovation that is accessible to them. I would likewise propose that they grow their market and customer base alongside remodeling/extending the assembling organization. Alongside improving their assembling offices they additionally need have the authoritative office in a space that is useful and progressively composed. Inside each business there should be an arrangement, structure and a methods for conveying the best nature of administration that is out there and this organization has far to go. References Cost of Production. (n. d) Retrieved March 17, 2013 from http://www. economicsonline. co. uk/Business_economics/Costs. html Andexer, T. 2008). Investigation and Evaluation of Market Entry Modes Into the Asia-Pacific Region. Recovered March 17, 2013 from books. google. com/books? isbn=3640144074 Manufacturing and Nonmanufacturing cost, (n. d) Retrieved March 16, 2013 from http://simplestudies. com/fabricating nonmanufacturing-costs. html/page/4 What are Economies of Scale? (Smith Marshall, 2009) Retrieved March 17, 2013 from http://www. investopedia. com/articles/03/012703. asp Russell, R. Taylor, B. (2011). Activities Management: Creating Value along the Supply Chain, seventh Edition. Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley and Sons Step by step instructions to refer to Mt435 Unit 3 Assignment, Papers

3 Reasons to Seek Other POVs

3 Reasons to Seek Other POVs We all do what we do for a reason. If youre reading a book, browsing a blog, or watching the evening news, youre in quest of other points of view. This journey, this discovery of new world views, is paramount for personal growth. There are at least three reasons why people seek out other POVs, some more  steroidic (in terms of personal growth)  than others: Validation. Most of the time people simply want to validate their own opinions. And so we read reviews of a movie we just watched to see if other people felt the same as we did. This type of validation is OKâ€"to a point: too much validation  stifles  creativity; it kills individual growth. Thats because if were constantly chasing validationâ€"if we need our views to always match with someone elsesâ€"then well accomplish scant original thought, for we get stuck in a state of perpetual crowd-think (What would so-and-so think about this?) instead of forming our own standpoints based on cerebration, logic, and reasoning. Ultimately, the habitual hunt for validation leaves little room for rumination, and thus, little or no room for growth. Answers. Other times people search for alternate viewpoints when they themselves cant form an answer. Weve all been on the fence before, and sometimes a trusted outlook is all we need to tip us toward the right side. Like validation, however,  endeavoring  for answers via others leaves us holding the bag for other folks decisions. Its easy to give advice, but taking our own advice is often the hardest pill to swallow. Alteration. Every once in a while some people will examine a contrary attitude or sentiment not to validate their own opinion, and not even to find an answer, but rather to change their own mind. This is where real growth happens: when were willing to step away from dogma, to step back from our own opinions and examine the world through a different pair of eyes. Sam Harris, Stephen Fry, and our friend Cal Newport all do a  phenomenal  job of providing slants that force people to ponder ones canon and, often, change their mind. Soliciting other perspectives is not only important, its a necessary part of living a fulfilled, well-rounded life. But we neednt rely  solely  on others beliefs to shape our  existence: we must think on our own, too. We must rely on ourselves first and use other POVs to augment our own positions. And sometimes, when we dont have a good answer, we must simply  follow our hearts. Subscribe to The Minimalists via email.

Lung Cancer Essay - 1667 Words

There are two different types of lung cancer, non-small cell lung cancer and small cell lung cancer. It is all depending on the size of what the cells look like under a microscope. Both of these types of lung cancer can grow differently which leads to them both being treated differently. Non-small cell lung cancer is the more common of the two and it usually grows fairly slow. There are three main types of non-small cell lung cancer and they are squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, and large cell carcinoma. Small cell cancer is the least common and it grows fairly rapid and it can easily spread to other organs in the body (Cavendish, p.946). Usually cells grow and divide at a specific pace that keeps the body working healthy but†¦show more content†¦A bronchoscopy is when a patient is sedated and a fiberoptic flexible tube is moved through the mouth into the bronchi tube (the tube that carries air to the lungs) and they can find blockages made by tumors or cancer. Blood tests are also taken to see if cancer cells have spread to the liver or bones. Staging of non-small cell lung cancer is described with the TNM system. T stands for tumor, it’s size and how far it has spread, N stands for the lymph nodes, and M stands for metastasis, spread to other organs. All of these are combined and a stage is assigned to each group. There are four different stages for the non-small cell lung cancer T stages. â€Å"Tis† is when cancer is found only in the lay of cells lining the air passages and not found anywhere else. â€Å"T1† is when the cancer is no larger than 3 centimeters. â€Å"T2† is when the cancer is no larger then 3 centimeters, it involves a main bronchus but is not closer then 2 centimeters to where the trachea branches off into the main bronchi, it has spread to the visceral pleura, the cancer partially clogs the airways but the lung is not collapsed or under pneumonia. â€Å"T3† is when the cancer has spread to the chest wall, the diaphragm, the mediastinal pleura, or the parietal pericardium, when the cancer involves a main bronchus and is closer then 2 centimeters to where the trachea branches into the main bronchi butShow MoreRelatedEssay on Lung Cancer839 Words   |  4 Pagesresponsible for nearly one in five deaths in the United States. Lung Cancer mortality ar e about 23 times higher for current male smokers and 13 times higher for current female smokers compared to a lifelong never-smoker. In addition to being responsible for 87% of lung cancers, smoking is also associated with cancers of the mouth, pharynx, larynx, esophagus, pancreas, uterine cervix, kidney, and bladder. Smoking accounts for at least 29% of all cancer deaths, is a major cause of heart disease, and is associatedRead MoreLung Cancers And Its Effects1288 Words   |  6 PagesINTRODUCTION What are lung cancers? Lung cancers are the abnormal cells which grow in uncontrolled manner in one or both lungs. They do not function as normal lung cells and do not develop into healthy lung tissue. The abnormal cells can grow, form tumours and interfere with the normal functions of the lung (Lungcancer.org, 2015). Lung cancers can be divided into two major types, namely non-small cell lung cancers (NSCLC) and small cell lung cancers (SCLC). NSCLC can be further classified into threeRead MoreLung Cancer1304 Words   |  6 Pages LUNG CANCER Mohamed Almasmary Bio240 Anatomy Physiology 1 4/13/14 Lung cancer is a cancer (malignancy) that originates in the tissues of the lungs or the cells lining the airways. Lung cancer originates when normal lung cells become cancer cells, usually after a series of mutations, and begin to divide out of control. Lung Cancer is a disease which consists of uncontrolled cell growth in lung tissues. Lung cancer consists of two types, Non-small cell lung cancer, and small cell lung cancerRead MoreLung Cancer1571 Words   |  7 PagesLung cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer in the world, according to the World Health Organisation. In the UK, it s the second most-frequently occurring cancer among men (after prostate cancer), accounting for 1 in 7 new cases, and the third most-frequently diagnosed cancer in women (after breast and bowel cancer) accounting for about 1 in 9 new cases. However, numbers have dropped considerably in recent times, by about 16% in the last decade alone. Dr Patrisha Macnair last medically reviewedRead MoreLung Cancer : Cancer And Cancer1315 Words   |  6 PagesLung cancer is the number one leading cause of cancer deaths in the United States. Lung cancer kills more people than any other cancer, such as; breast cancer, colon, prostate, or ovarian. There are two types of lung cancer, small cell lung cancer and non-small lung cancers. These two lung cancers grow and spread differently. Small cell lung cancer tends to spread quickly and makes up about 10-15 percent of the lung cancers. Non-small lung cancer is the most common type, it attributes to aboutRead MoreLung Cancer1476 Words   |  6 PagesThe Genetics of Lung Cancer Catherine Hayworth BIO 355A/357A June 14, 2012 Colorado Christian University Cancer can be one of the hardest battles that one must face, whether that battle is lost or won, it changes the lives of everyone involved. Lung cancer is one of the most diagnosed cancers and it affects the lining of the lungs and the ability to breathe. Lung cancer is the number one killer of men and women than any other cancer worldwide. This cancer is mostly found in smokers andRead MoreLung Cancer930 Words   |  4 PagesLung Cancer Lung cancer is one of the most common cancers in the world, its deadly claws stretched over all continents in the world. However, lung cancer is not just a disease; it can act as a magnifying glass; many social problems and goodness of society can be revealed through the causes of lung cancer. Lung cancer is formed when the cells of the lungs grow in an uncontrolled way, this creates a lump or a tumor which can either be malignant or benign. Smoking and unhealthy diets are all causesRead MoreHealth Care For Lung Cancer1224 Words   |  5 Pages2012 there was in increase in lung cancer deaths by 3.5%, this percent is still rising in women while it’s stable in men (CDC, 2014). Nowadays, about 402,324 Americans have lung cancer. In 2014, the newly diagnosed lung cancer cases are 224,210, they represent 13% of all cancer diagnosis (ACS, 2014). Lung cancer affects old people and always they diagnosed in the last five years of their life. Around 80% of people who live with lung cancer their ages more than 60 years (USNIH, 2011). In KentuckyRead MoreCause And Effect Of Lung Cancer Essay1334 Words   |  6 Pages Lung cancer is one of the most lethal cancer known throughout the world. The most common suspect of that is smoking, then what happens to the people who inhales the smokers’ smoke? Are they also at risk for developing lung cancer from being a victim? The answer to that right now is that secondhand smoke alone is just a risk factor, there are no evidence right now that currently show that secondhand smoke alone can cause lung cancer by itself. This means that we need to encourage studies that areRead MoreCause And Effect Of Lung Cancer1612 Words   |  7 PagesIn addition, since emphysema is said to be one of the causes of lung cancer, it can be said that smoking is also related to lung cancer. As is well known, currently, there are no effective treatment for cancer. Smoking habit is the main cause of lung cancer. The probability of a smoker becoming lung cancer is said to be about ten times more than that of a non-smoker. Also, smoking hurts their own DNA, that is, the risk o f lung cancer extends to offspring. There may be people who think smoking cessation

Gas prices - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 14 Words: 4251 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Statistics Essay Did you like this example? Gas prices are going up. We realize this is an obvious statement because you buy gas and you pay attention. But maybe you arent paying as much attention as you thought you were. Did you realize that gas prices have gone up 46% in the last year? A year ago, gas prices were at $1.96 on average, nationwide. A year later, prices sit at $2.86 per gallon. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Gas prices" essay for you Create order The problem is, weve become so used to gas prices in the $3/gallon neighborhood and were beaten down when gas prices hit $4/gallon over the summer that a year passes and we are OK with prices regularly being in this range. Were immune to it. Well, your friends at TrueCar have found a way to help you fight back. We dug into our vast collection of data and pulled out a real series of gems for you. We assembled a list of the Top 10 2009 and 2010 hybrid vehicles. But, we havent ranked them by which hybrids have the coolest navigation system or the best ad campaign. Nopewe ranked them by which Hybrid is going to get you the most smoking hot discount. These are the hybrids that dealers are right now discounting the most. These deals include all of the incentive money currently being offered, including manufacturer and dealer incentives and federal tax credits. Deals are ranked by the final selling price, or the average discount dealers deduct from sticker price. The majority of European countries give tax rebated to hybrid cars buyers in an effort to stimulate hybrid car sales, or even VAT breaks, owners paying only 50% of the cars price or even a bonus of up to 6,400 euros, while in Netherlands, hybrid car drivers pay half of all road taxes. Benefits of buying a hybrid car in EuropeSend Wave Send Trimite prin Twitter Share Y!M Salveaza ca PDF FontMareste dimensiune fontMicsoreaza dimensiune font PUBLICITATE: In Switzerland, fuel-efficient car buyers benefit of various types of discounts, depending on the hybrid car they purchase. For Type A hybrids, buyers pay a 50% lower VAT of the cars value, while for Type B they are given a 5,000 Swiss francs discount, and for Type C, the discount is of 1,000 CHF (650 euros). Italy offers a 2,800 euro rebate to buyers of eco-friendly cars. Spain is being divided in two regions, Andalusia and Castilla Leon, the discounts being 2,000 euros and 1,890 euros respectively. In Belgium, the tax rebates for fuel-efficient cars depend on the CO2 emissions level, below 105g/km or below 115g/km, the rebates ranging between 15% and 3%. In Greece, no taxes are levied for hybrid cars, while in Slovenia, the buyers pay taxes only for cars with CO2 emissions below 110g/km. In France, the hybrid car owners benefit of 2,000 euro discount of the car price in case of natural persons, or 700 euros in case of companies. In Portugal, all taxes incurred when purchasing a new vehicle are cut to half in case of hybrid cars. Netherlands offers a 6,400 bonus depending on the performances of the hybrid car. Hybrid car owners pay half of all road taxes. In Luxemburg, for a hybrid with CO2 emissions below 120g/km the owner benefits of a 750-euro discount. Sweden offers discounts of up to 1,000 euros to natural persons when purchasing a hybrid car with CO2 emissions below 120 g/km, and offers a 40% tax rebate to companies. In Austria, under a bonus-malus system, cars emitting less than 120g/km and running more than 1km on electric engine mode receive a maximum bonus of 500euros. Cars emitting emitting less than 120g/km attract a bonus of 300 euros. German citizens are tax exempted for two years, if they own a Euro5 hybrid car or for one year if they own a Euro4 car. In Romania, not taxes are charged when purchasing a hybrid, electric or Euro-5 vehicle. 2011 Chevrolet Volt First Li-Ion pack off the assembly line OEM cost is unknown at this time. A study released by the Boston Consulting Group revealed that even though BEV battery costs are expected to fall sharply over the coming decade, they are unlikely to drop enough to spark widespread adoption of fully electric vehicles without a major breakthrough in battery technology. The study concludes that the long-term cost target used by many carmakers in planning their future fleets of electric cars ($250/kWh) is unlikely to be achieved unless there is a major breakthrough in battery chemistry that substantially increases the energy density without significantly increasing the cost of either battery materials or the manufacturing process. Given current technology options, we see substantial challenges to achieving this goal by 2020, said Xavier Mosquet, Detroit-based leader of BCGs global automotive practice and a coauthor of the study. For years, people have been saying that one of the keys to reducing our dependency on fossil fuels is the electrification of the vehicle fleet. The reality is, electric-car batteries are both too expensive and too technologically limited for this to happen in the foreseeable future. Most electric cars in the new decade will use Li-Ion batteries citing the current cost of similar Li-Ion batteries used in consumer electronics (about $250 to $400 per kWh). Many OEMs have projected the cost of an automotive Li-Ion battery pack will fall from its current price of between $1,000 and $1,200/kWh to between $250 and $500 per kWh once manufacturing economies of scale are achieved. BCG, however, points out that consumer batteries are simpler than car batteries and must meet significantly less demanding requirements, especially regarding safety and life span. So actual battery costs will likely be higher than what carmakers predict. Despite this cost challenge, the report projects steady growth for HEVs, PHEVs and BEVs and the batteries that power them. Under the most likely scenario, BCG estimates that 26 percent of the new cars sold in 2020 in the major developed markets (China, Japan, the United States, and Western Europe) will have all-electric or hybrid power trains. That same year, the market for electric-car batteries in those regions will reach $25 billion. This burgeoning market will be about triple the size of todays entire lithium-ion-battery market for consumer applications such as laptop computers and cell phones, said Mosquet, noting that the forecast applies to all the components sold to OEMs for battery packs. To show how battery costs will decline, BCG uses the example of a typical supplier of Li-NI-CO-AL (NCA) batteries-one of the most prominent technologies for automotive applications. BCGs analysis suggests that by 2020, the price that OEMs pay for NCA batteries will decrease by 60 to 65 percent, from current levels of $990-$1,220 per kWh to $360-$440 per kWh. So the cost for a 15-kWh NCA pack would fall from around $16,000 to about $6,000. The price to consumers will similarly fall, from $1,400-$1,800 per kWh to $570-$700 per kWh-or $8,000-$10,000 for the same pack. Even in 2020, consumers will find this price of $8,000 to $10,000 to be a significant part of the vehicles overall cost. They will carefully evaluate the cost savings of driving an electric car versus an ICE-based car against the higher up-front cost, explained Massimo Russo, a Boston-based partner and coauthor of the report. It will be a complex purchase decision involving an evaluation of operating costs, carbon benefits, and potential range limitations, as well as product features. Beyond costs, other key challenges facing BEV/PHEV/HEV battery market are energy storage capacity, charging time, and infrastructure needs. BCG believes that pending a major breakthrough, batteries will continue to limit the driving range of fully electric vehicles to 160-190 miles between charges. As a result, fully electric vehicles that are as convenient as ICE-based cars-meaning that they can travel 300 + miles on a single charge and can recharge in a matter of minutes-are unlikely to be available for the mass market by 2020. In view of the need for a pervasive infrastructure for charging or swapping batteries, the adoption of fully electric vehicles in 2020 may be limited to specific applications, such as commercial fleets, commuter cars, and cars that are confined to a prescribed range of use, the report concludes. The report, titled Batteries for Electric Cars: Challenges, Opportunities and the Outlook to 2020, is a companion piece to a report BCG published in January 2009 on the future of alternative power-train technologies (The Comeback of the Electric Car? How Real, How Soon, and What Must Happen Next). The new reports findings are based on a detailed analysis of existing e-car battery research and interviews with more than 50 battery suppliers, auto OEMs, university researchers, start-up battery-technology companies, and government agencies across Asia, the United States, and Western Europe. The report also draws on the firms extensive work with auto OEMs and suppliers worldwide. What did the BCG group miss? Currently, Chinese sourced 2.3 kWh Li-PO packs are available retail for $1,036 or $450/kWh today through Enginer. These are not yet OEM quality chemistry but they are OEM capable and if these can be manufactured for this price retail, wholesale to an OEM is going to be just 1/2 to 1/3 of this. BATTERIES: The function of the battery in a HEV may be varied. The battery may be a major power source, or may be used in conjuction with the primary power source(s) to level out the supply of power to the drivetrain. As a consequence, the amount of battery power aboard a HEV may vary between a single battery to a pack of many batteries connected together. When using batteries as a primary source of power, the HEV designer becomes concerned with the mass and volume of the battery pack required to meet the power and energy needs of the vehicle. The drive to achieve high power and energy densities have led the HEV community to investigate many types of batteries. These new battery types also promise greater cycle depth, power and energy capacity. BATTERY RATINGS AND CHARACTERISTICS: The decision as to which battery type to use in a HEV application depends on how well the characteristics of that battery match the needs of the HEV design. The battery characteristics of most concern to the HEV designer are: CAPACITY: The battery capacity is a measure of how much energy the battery can store. Batteries do not simply serve as a bucket into which one dumps electricity and later extracts it. The amount of energy that can be extracted from a fully charged battery, for instance, depends on temperature, the rate of discharge, battery age, and battery type. Consequently it is difficult to specify a batterys capacity with a single number. There are primarily three ratings that are used to specify the capacity of a battery: Ampere-hour: The Amphere-hour (Ah) denotes the current at which a battery can discharge at a constant rate over a specified length of time. For SLI (starting-lighting-ignition) batteries that are commonly used in cars, the standard is to specify Ampere-hours for a 20 hours discharge. This standard is denoted by the nomenclature of C/20. A 60 Ah C/20 battery will produce 60 Ah for a 20 hour discharge. This means that the new and fully charged battery will produce 3 Amps for 20 hours it does not mean that the battery can produce 6 Amps for 10 hours (that would be signified by a C/10 60 Ah rating). Reserve Capacity:The reserve capacity denotes the length of time, in minutes, that a battery can produce a specified level of discharge. A value of 35 minutes at 25 Amps for the reserve capacity for a battery means that the fully charged battery can produce 25 Amps for 35 minutes. kWh Capacity: The kWh capacity metric is a measure of the energy (Volt * Amps * Time) required to fully charge a depleted battery. A depleted battery is usually not a fully discharged battery; a 12 V car battery is considered depleted when its voltage drops to 10.5 V. Similarly, a 6V battery is usually considered depleted when its voltage drops to 5.25 V. None of these capacity ratings completely describe the capacity of a battery. Each one is a measure of the capacity under specific conditions. The performance of a battery in an actual application may vary substantially due to different discharge/recharge rates, battery age, cycle history, and/or temperature. VOLTAGE: By definition a battery consists of two or more cells wired together. A lead-acid type cell produces approximately 2.1 Volts. A three cell lead-acid battery thus produces 6.3 V (6.3 = 2.1 * 3) and a six cell lead-acid battery produces 12.6 V. For a battery with fill caps, the number of cells can be determined by counting the number of fill caps. The voltage rating is that of a fully charged battery; its voltage will decrease as the battery is discharged. CYCLE DEPTH: Fully discharging a battery often destroys the battery or, at a minimum, dramatically shortens its life. Deep-cycle lead-acid batteries can be routinely discharged down to 15-20% of its capacity this represents a depth of discharge (DOD) of 85 to 80%. These deep-cycle batteries are constructed with thick plates for the cathodes and anodes in order to resist warping whereas in a conventional lead-acid batteries the plates are paper-thin. Regardless of whether or not the battery is deep-cycle or not, deep discharges shorten the life of a battery. A deep-cycle battery that can last 300 discharge-recharge cycles of 80% DOD (depth of discharge) may last 600 cycles at 50% DOD. WEIGHT/VOLUME: The designer must consider the weight and volume of the battery pack during the vehicle design process. Different battery types will provide the designer with different energy and power capacities per a given weight or volume. The key ratings to consider are the Specific Power/Energy and the Power/Energy densities. These ratings reveal how much power or energy the battery will provide per given weight or volume. ENERGY DENSITY/SPECIFIC ENERGY: Energy density is a measure of how much energy can be extracted from a battery per unit of battery weight or volume. By default, deep-cycle batteries provide the potential for higher energy densities than non-deep-cycle varieties since more of the energy in the battery can be extracted (e.g. larger acceptable DOD). POWER DENSITY/SPECIFIC POWER: Power density is a measure of how much power can be extracted from a battery per unit of battery weight or volume. In an analogy to a cars fuel system, the energy density is analogous to the size of the fuel tank and the power density is analogous to the octane of the fuel. OPERATING TEMPERATURE: Batteries work best within a limited temperature range. Most wet-cell lead-acid batteries perform best around 85 to 95 F. At temperatures above 125 F, lead-acid batteries will be damaged and, consequently, their life shortened. Performance of lead-acid batteries suffers at temperatures below 72 F; the colder it is the greater the degradation in performance. As the temperature falls below freezing (32 F), lead-acid batteries will act sluggish the battery has not lost its energy; its chemistry restrains it from delivering the energy. Batteries can also freeze. A fully charged lead-acid battery can survive 40 to 50 degrees below freezing, but a battery with a low state of charge (SOC) can freeze at temperatures as high as 30 F. When the water in a battery freezes it expands and can cause unrepairable damage to the cells. SULFATION: A low state of charge (SOC) in a lead acid battery can lead to sulfation that can seriously damage the battery. In a low SOC state, lead crystals that are formed during discharge can become so large that they resist being dissolved during the recharge process. This prevents the battery from being recharged. Sulfation can occur when the battery is left at a low SOC for a long period of time. SELF-DISCHARGE: A battery that is left alone will eventually discharge itself. This is particularly true of secondary (rechargeable) batteries as opposed to primary (non-rechargeable) batteries. BATTERY TYPES: There are many types of batteries that are currently being used or being developed for use in HEVs. The following table lists these types along with their common characteristics. The types are listed in descending order of popularity for use in HEVs, with the most popular choices at the top of the table. Typically the Energy Density, sometimes called Specific Energy, is rated at the C/3 rate (i.e. 3 hour discharge). Typical conditions for the Power Density or Specific Power rating is a 20 second discharge to 80% DOD. Cycle life is usually measured at 80% DOD. A brief description of each battery type follows: Lead Acid: Low cost and available now vs low energy density and only fair cycle life. The lead acid battery is composed of lead plates of grids suspended in an electrolyte solution of sulfuric acid and water. These batteries can be ruined by completely discharging them. Advanced Lead Acid: Available now. Longer cycle life than conventional lead acid. Valve regulated lead/acid (VLRA) batteries are showing great promise. Nickel-Cadmium: Higher energy density than lead acid and available now vs cost. memory effect and toxicity. The nickel-cadmium battery is composed of a nickel hydroxide cathode and a cadmium anode in an alkaline electrolyte solution. If these batteries are discharged only partially before recharging, the cells have a tendency to act as if they have a lower storage capacity than they actually designed for; this is the memory effect. Nickel-cadmium batteries can often be restored to full potential (i.e. full memory) with a few cycles of discharge and recharge. These batteries are often used to power small appliances, garden tools, and cellular telephones. Batteries made from Ni-Cd cells offer high currents at relatively constant voltage and they are tolerant of physical abuse. Nickel-Metal Hydride: High efficiency and environmentally friendly. The nickel-metal hydride battery is composed of a hydrogen storage metal alloy, a nickel oxide cathode, and a potassium hydroxide electrolyte. These batteries can be quickly recharged. They have been used for a long time to power flashlights, lap-top computers, and cellular telephones. Lithium-Ion: Lithium seems an ideal material for a battery: it is the lightest metal in addition to having the highest electric potential of all metals. Unfortunately, lithium is an unstable metal, so batteries that use lithium must be made using lithium ions (such as lithium-thionyl chloride). Even so, dangers persist with lithium-ion batteries. Many of the inorganic components of the battery and its casing are destroyed by the lithium ions and, on contact with water, lithium will react to create hydrogen which can ignite or can create excess pressure in the cell. If the lithium melts (melting point is 180 C), it may come into direct contact with the cathode, causing violent chemical reactions. As a consequence, lithium batteries are often limited to small sizes. Portable devices, such as notebook computers, smart cards, and cellular telephones, are often powered by lithium ion batteries. These batteries have no memory effect and do not use poisonous metals, such as lead, mercury or cadmium. Zinc-Bromide: High energy density and long cycle life vs complex and toxicity. Zinc-bromine batteries pass two oppositely charged liquids through an ion-exchange membrane to produce electricity. The electrolyte is usually a zinc bromide-potassium chloride solution. Bromine, in both liquid and vapor form, is toxic and a strong irritant. The required pumping system makes the system complexity. Lithium Polymer: Lithium-polymer cells have shown great promise, at the laboratory scale, for fulfilling the need for a battery of high specific power and energy in electric vehicle applications. A major uncertainty is whether heat generated in Li-polymer batteries during discharge at high power can be transported to the outside without excessive internal temperatures occurring. A second concern is whether lithium-polymer batteries can be brought up to operating temperatures in times acceptable to consumers. Sodium Nickel Chloride: In the charged state, the cell consists of a negative liquid sodium electrode and a solid positive electrode containing nickel chloride and nickel. The electrodes and electrolyte are encapsulated in a steel cell case which simultaneously functions as the negative pole of the cell. Zinc-air: High energy density vs short cycle life, low power density and low efficiency. The cathode of this battery is made of porous carbon which absorbs oxygen from the air. The zinc-air battery uses a zinc anode and the electrolyte is a base (rather than an acid), typically potassium hydroxide. Zinc-air batteries have been used in hearing aids for many years. Vanadium Redox: High efficiency and can be completely discharged without damage vs high cost. The term redox is an abbreviation of reduction oxidation. This battery, along with the Iron Redox battery, obtain their power when one the chemicals is reduced (i.e. gains electrons) while the other is oxidized (i.e. loses electrons). This battery is still very much in the development stages but shows great promise for EV use. There are several other battery types that researchers have considered for HEVs, but their use are not common. These include, listed with their major strengths and weaknesses: Aluminum-air: Long shelf-life and high energy density vs complex and low efficiency. Aluminum-air batteries obtain their energy from the interaction of aluminum with air. The incoming air must be filtered, scrubbed of CO2, and dehumidified; the water and electrolyte must be pumped and maintained within a narrow temperature range hence the complexity of the battery. The batteries are not electrically recharged but are refueled by replacing the aluminum anodes and the water supply. Iron-air: High energy density vs complex, short cycle life, and high self-discharge rate. The iron-air battery uses electrodes made of iron and carbon. The carbon electrode provides oxygen for the electrochemical reaction. These batteries can be electrically recharged. Iron-air batteries are significantly effected by temperature; they perform poorly below 0 C. Lithium-iron sulfide: High energy density vs high operating temperature. The lithium-iron sulfide battery is composed of a lithium alloy anode and an iron sulfide cathode suspended in an electrolyte molten salt solution. A variation of this battery system uses a cathode made of lithium-iron sulfide. Nickel-iron: High energy density and long life vs high cost and high self-discharge rate. Nickel-iron batteries employ cathodes of nickel-oxide and anodes of iron in a potassium hydroxide solution. Nickel-iron batteries have long been used in European mining operations because of their ability to withstand vibrations, high temperatures and other physical stress. Also known as the Edison battery (invented by Thomas Edison in 1901). Nickel-zinc: High power density vs short cycle life. The nickel-zinc battery is composed of a nickel oxide cathode and a zinc anode in a small amount of potassium hydroxide electrolyte. Recharging can be tricky in that zinc can be redeposited in areas where it is not desired, leading to the physical weakening and eventual failure of the electrode.. Silver-zinc: High energy density vs high cost and short cycle life. The cathode in a silver-zinc battery is a silver screen pasted with silver oxide. The anode is a porous plate of zinc, and the electrolyte is a solution of potassium hydroxide saturated with zinc hydroxide. Their high cost results from the amount of silver needed for the construction of these batteries. Sodium-sulfur: High energy density and high efficiency vs high operating temperature. Used in Ford Ecostar van. The Ford Motor Company patented the sodium-sulfur battery in 1965. The battery, unlike most other batteries, uses a solid electrolyte (beta aluminum) and liquid electrodes (molten sulfur and sodium). These batteries require to be heated to around 325 C in order to operate because it is at these temperatures that sulfur and sodium will melt (i.e. be liquid). Zinc-chlorine: High energy density and long cycle life vs complex, requires refrigeration, and toxicity. Similar to the zinc-bromide battery (bromine and chlorine are both halogens), the zinc-chlorine battery is even more complex since it requires refrigeration during the recharging process to remove heat.Chlorine gas is highly lethal. Zinc-Manganese: Low peak power output and short cycle life. Zinc-Manganese Dioxide Alkaline Cells: When an alkaline electrolyteinstead of the mildly acidic electrolyteis used in a regular zinc-carbon battery, it is called an alkaline battery. FACTORS AFFECTING BATTERY PERFORMANCE: TEMPERATURE: Battery performance is highly dependent on temperature. Each type of battery works best within a limited range of temperatures. Concerns related to battery temperature include: Poor energy and power extraction performance for temperatures outside of operating temperature range. Thermal runaway-during high power extraction the temperature of the battery increases which makes further power extraction more difficult which causes subsequent increases in temperature, and so on long heat up times before battery reaches operating temperature-this is a concern for ambient temperature batteries such as lead-acid in cold environments and also for batteries such as lithium/polymer-electrolyte which requires an operating temperature that is elevated above ambient the battery temperature can change with changing current flowing through the internal resistance of the battery. The internal resistance can vary with the changing state of charge (SOC) of the battery. The temperature of battery can also be quite different between different cells since the cells in the center are more insulated from outside convective cooling than the cells at the ends/edges. Consequently, the cells in the center may see a higher temperature rise than the ones near the outer boundaries of the battery package. The impact that temperature exerts on battery capacity can be explained with a simple model of the battery electrochemistry. As the temperature increase towards the peak-performance-operating temperature the electrolyte viscosity decreases, thus allowing for increased diffusion of ions and hence increased battery performance. As the temperature increases past this peak point, the battery electrodes begin to corrode thus leading to a reduced active electrode area and thus to fewer electrode reactions and reduced battery capacity. BATTERY AGE/SHELF LIFE: Corrosion is the main component behind decreased performance in lead acid type batteries by age. DEPTH OF DISCHARGE: Batteries are able to maintain their performance longer when they are not deeply discharged regularly.

Target and Job Satisfaction Free Essays

Target and Job Satisfaction. Job satisfaction is very important in regards to keeping employees productive and efficient. If a employee is not happy with their working environment, co-workers, or the task on hand, then they are more likely to be less efficient and productive for the company. We will write a custom essay sample on Target and Job Satisfaction or any similar topic only for you Order Now With that being said, Target is a wonderful place for advancement and status in a career with Target. Target states â€Å"We’re devoted to helping our more than 365,000 team members throughout the world live well and achieve their goals, know that their diver perspectives, talents and commitments make both our company and communities the best they can be. This statement and ideology shows the public that Target believes that the company is nothing without the employees that put their energy into it. Target has enforced this by providing their employees with incentives such as: resources, services and benefits programs. As far as leaders in each department, Target has ensured that leaders are well invested in and that they are given the opportunity to personal career development and networking opportunities. What makes Target special when it comes to Job Satisfaction is that they offer a variety of career development opportunities for the purpose of building the best team, because the best team represents the company itself. During the hiring process, target is in the pursuit of top talents that they intend to foster so that they not support the individuals growth but also set guidelines and development goals so that each member are able to pursue it. Target believes in the social well-being of everybody inside and outside the company. They believe in the concept that building strong relationships and enjoying life inside and outside work settings will distinguish other companies. For example, Target offers discounts, fun activities, social networks, and life event resources to help team members create a meaningful connection with others. Target wants to make every employee feel to feel part of the family. Other incentives include: onboarding, leadership development programs, training and development resources, career planning, diversity and inclusion business councils, Coaching and mentoring, Recognition programs, tuition reimbursements, team member life resources, and more. To add, Target is also aware of the financial well-being and how its is important to make good financial decisions in the present and to plan for the future. They offer savings and invent plans, time off, and insurance options to help team members meet their financial goals; some of this may include: One of the best 401 k plans in retail, vacation, national holidays and personal days, 10% team member discount, Target Credit Union, Adoption assistance reimbursement, Daycare Flexible Spending Account (FSA), Child care discount, Life Insurance, Disability insurance, commuter benefits and more. Also, Target also offers good health benefits for their Employees. They are committed to providing and encouraging wellness and promoting preventive care, such as offering the many benefits and resource to help team members and their families lead healthy, and balanced lives. Health benefits include: Medical, dental, vision and prescription drug coverage, programs and rewards to encourage healthy actions, maternity support program, nurseline, Tobacco cessation program, well-being education resources, team member life resources, and more. Target has identified that there are about 120 different career paths that exist for team members to explore. This is good because if a current employee is not satisfied with their current position, then they have the option and the opportunity to change career paths, which is a prenominal process of transition, in my opinion. What also makes Target ideal as far as job satisfaction, is that aside from assisting current members with certain incentives mentioned above, but also for spouses, domestic partners and other dependents. Training and mentoring programs are also offered to employees to assist and prepare team members for current or new challenges. This special program is designed in a way that offers external benchmarking combined with industry research, as well as partnerships and internal expertise. What this means is that everything that is trained to employees is offered through not only internal settings but also external settings. The company will help find the best method, whether it is from in-house or, experts outside the company, target will do their best in providing the best training and mentoring program and experts for employees to improve and become as productive as they want to be. To further the job satisfaction of employees, there is a system for talent management is put into great consideration and implemented to Target’s employees. Target calls it the â€Å"Leadership Foundations and Expectations Competency Model† which informs and teaches every team member exactly which skills and abilities are needed for them to succeed; no team member will be left behind. Target applies this method and administer this process by following talent-planning routines such as the Best Team Survey, which allots team members to voice their opinions. This method not only help employees speak out their voice but also help improve Target. Communication is important to target and believes that every voice and opinion should be heard. Target has design a program called â€Å"Regular Review Process† which ensures that not only leaders but team members meet routinely and regularly so that they can discuss the strengths and the potential development opportunities for the company; the company meets with their leader four times a year to negotiate and discuss business goals, performance, and development and career goals, with every if not all team members participating in a formal performance review once a year. Target is really the best when it comes to the benefits in retail, and that providing competitive pay, insurance coverage, career mentoring and so many great perks for the target family. They provide so many incentives for team members to speak out, and find a myriad of benefits for not only themselves but also for potential family members. Target’s importance to the local community and corporate social responsibility represent and defines target. This can include: target-sponsored volunteer activities, target volunteer councils, community captains, community awards and grants, and more. Target takes pride in providing so much for their team so that they can contribute and show their strong community. Citations. â€Å"Benefits. †Ã‚  Employee Benefits, Fringe Benefits, Perks. N. p. , n. d. Web. 18 Nov. 2012. https://corporate. target. com/careers/benefits. â€Å"Culture.   Culture: Working at Target. N. p. , n. d. Web. 18 Nov. 2012. https://corporate. target. com/careers/culture â€Å"Social. †Ã‚  Employee Social Benefits: Enjoying Life. N. p. , n. d. Web. 18 Nov. 2012. https://corporate. target. com/careers/benefits/social-benefits. â€Å"Team Members. †Ã‚  Our Team Members: Partners in Our Success. N. p. , n. d. Web. 18 Nov. 2012. https://corporate. target. com/corporate-responsibility/team-members How to cite Target and Job Satisfaction, Essay examples

Leadership Style At Coca Cola Company - Free Smaple

Question: Discuss about the Leadership Style at Coca Cola Company. Answer: Introduction Leadership can be defined as a trait to motivate and empower others by taking up responsibility of a task and turn a vision into reality (Northouse, 2015). Several leaders all over the world are famous for their own styles. Hitler for his authoritative style, Martin Luther King Jr. for participative style, Warren Buffet for his delegative style are some of the examples (Almodaresi, 2015). Leadership is seen through and through in any business setting and each leader has their own style (Daft, 2014). The report below is an analysis of leadership styles seen in case of Coca-Cola, a century old beverage manufacturing company that has been through many phases in its course of development and has been under the guidance of several leadership styles (Penderghast, 2013). The report highlights three leadership styles that have put the company at the top and gives the examples of the three leaders who have displayed excellent leadership traits and decision making skill (Shetty, 2014). About the Company Background Established in 1886 in Atlanta, Georgia, Coca-Cola has become one of the most successful American based multinational beverage company (Foster, 2012). The companys prime product is carbonated soda named Coca Cola which is served all around the world, except for Cuba and North Korea. The company also produces several other products such as bottled water, sports drink, flavored water and several kinds of soft drinks that are customized according to the local country demands. The company also holds the maximum market share in cold beverage sales Organizational Structure and leadership The company does business globally but operates at a local level working with 250 bottling partners around the world. The company does not own any of the bottling partners but rather operates through several local channels. The bottling partners are in constant contact with the local stores, multiplexes, restaurants and other customers to develop and execute local strategy along with the company. The beverage is unique and has a well distinguished taste there by making it crucial for the company to make sure that all the bottles sold worldwide have the same taste. The organizational structure in Coca Cola is developed such that all its operations function smoothly and ensuring growth of the company. This structure is robust yet flexible to adopt to the needs of the local market (Pfitzer, 2013). The company has a Board comprising of 15 members including the CEO of Coca-Cola Ahmet Muhtar Kent. These board member are all divided and head several other committees as described in the figure 1 Figure 1: Committees and their members at Coca-Cola The organization is also divided according to the region of operations. The company in the year of 2016 have changed their International operating structure to make use of the management expertise of their key leaders. The company is now divided in to three regional groups EMEA Europe, Middle East and Africa led by Brian Smith Latin America Led by Alfredo Rivera Asia Pacific Led by John Murphy The company organizes itself whenever required to make sure either regional decisions or divisional decisions. All the decisions are overlooked by the 12 board members to ensure that the growth of the company sustains. Leadership at Coca Cola The vision of Coca Cola consists of 6 Ps. People, portfolio, partners, planet, profit and productivity (Svendsen, 2013). The company believes in a winning culture. It lives in its value of leadership, collaboration, integrity, accountability, passion, diversity and quality. It believed in focusing on the market to achieve its vision. The employees are expected to act like owners and work smart. Their mission is to refresh the world, inspire moments of optimism and happiness, create value and make a difference. The mission, vision and the culture of the company clearly has been developed over several years working towards progress. The company achievement today is clearly due to the exceptional leadership at Coca Cola. It is impossible to survive in a food and beverage market for over a century if the leaders are not aligned to the organizational goals (Golema, 2013). Starting from Asa Griggs Candler to the current CEO Ahmet Muhtar Kent, the company has been led by intellectuals and effective businessmen to become one of the most reputed organization around the world. The leadership style in the organization itself is of a delegative style (Clark, 2013). A quick glance at the organization structure itself shows that the organization believes in need to delegate and rule instead of taking all the responsibilities. Dividing the organization based on the functions and ensuring that all the functions are not under the control of a single entity and using SMEs to work in each functional division is a brilliant strategy and a clear example of delegative leadership. Innovative Leadership The concept of Innovative Leadership has been coined by Dr. David Gliddon which involves the idea generation, evaluation and implementation. With its roots in path-goal theory, leader member exchange theory and the increasing need for creative and effective ways to motivate, empower and lead, several leaders today can be classified as innovative leader (baker, 2015). Ahmet Muhtar Kent is one of them. The five-fold agenda of the CEO makes his approach an innovative way to develop the company. Muhtar believes in the need to invest in research and development, in the welfare of the employees and finding new methods to satisfy the customers displaying the trait of valuing the resources. Collaborative nature of the CEO encourages partnership with several companies (Lowitt, 2013). The CEO encourages innovative ideas in marketing, finance and almost all fields in the organization to ensure that the ideas of his employees are counted in and every single mind in the company is valued. All thi s skills make an extremely good impression of a lead by example principal. The CEO expects his employee to be innovation and creativity and he himself through the strategic principles puts forth these skills. Cross Cultural Leadership For companies operating at global levels it is quite necessary to have people in the organization who can adopt and work with multiple cultures. Though the heads of each country working for Coca Cola are usually chosen from the native employees, being a president or a chairman for an entire area that covers multiple cultures is quite difficult. However, at Coca Cola cross culture leadership is efficiently implemented by several regional chairmen. One person in the Coca Cola Company that has been able to successfully implement this style of leadership is Atul Singh, the current chairman of Asia Pacific Group. The chairman makes operation decisions for 36 predominant markets in the Asia Pacific Group. He works with employees hailing in five business units that comprise of India, China, Korea, Japan and other Asian countries. The cultures and the working styles of each of this country is completely different. Japanese are productive and quick, while Chinese are punctual and Indians are hard working. Working different kind of employees especially in an operations set up needs a clear understanding of the cultures the company operate in. Atul Singh has been the vice president of Coca Cola India and moved on to work in Mainland China. Singh played a significant role in restricting the Coca-Colas system to fit the needs of each of the region. He made sure to make changes to the bottling system used in Indonesia to meet the fasting growing need in the country by switching to two production lines. The same is in question for Japan and China. At Coca Cola, regional decisions are made by the regional chairmen and board rather than by the global board. It is only apt that these employees understand the need of the region way better than the head office and hence are given significant authority to implement these changes (Murthy, 2014). For the sake of the new bottling system in Indonesia alone the company spent $500 million to support the changes showing the trust and val ue they place in their regional heads. Singh also heads the gender diversity campaign called the Asia Pacific Talent Initiative. Visionary Leadership Every company has a vision and expects every employee to work towards achieving this vision. Every person has their own way of working towards this vision. However, there are also those employees that make this vision itself a style of working. The companys vision of the 6 Ps have been adopted into the very style of working of James Quiency, the president and Chief Operating officer of Coca Cola. A visionary leader is an excellent communicator, risk-taker, well organized, strategic and charismatic and so is James Quiency (Szucs, 2014). Quiency is responsible for all the operating decisions made globally. Although armed with a battalion of other experts working at regional and functional level, Quiency holds the responsibility to analyze and approve several decisions. Quiency was responsible for the growth of Coca Cola in Europe to become the largest shareholder in nonalcoholic ready to drink beverage section of the region. He has strategically improved the brand image by collaborating with efficient partners such as Erfrischungsgetranke AG and Iberian partners displaying charisma and effective communication. He also improved the operation execution process in the region to decrease deliver time and increase the capacity of production through his management skills. He also played a major role in acquiring companies such as Innocent juice that proved to be a profitable segment. The re-launch of Coca Cola Zero and the acquisition of Jugos e Valle are all due to visionary leadership of Quiency. He I known for this communication ability, motivational behavior, negotiate skills and most of all the belief in the companys vision. He had worked relentlessly in communicating and motivating the People he works with, developing the portfolio of the company, collaborating with efficient partners, acquiring profitable organization and increasing productivity thorough his efficient operation management. Conclusion Leadership is the key to success in any business set up. In case of MNCs leadership plays a much vital role to ensure coordination and alignment of different regions towards growth. At Coca Cola, a company that adopts a delegative leadership style, individuals such as the CEO, COO and regional chairman have shown the new and adaptive leadership approaches. It is a combination of all these approaches and the adaptive and robust nature of the company that has helped the company to ace the beverage market for over a century. References Almodaresi, S. M. A., Ebrahimzade, R., Abolghasemi, M. (2015). Study the impact of types of leadership on talent management (case study: Yazd Red Crescent organization). Journal of Health Administration (JHA), 18(59), Pe92-Pe105. Baker, J. D. (2015). Getting buzzed on innovative leadership. AORN journal, 101(4), 401-403. Clark, D. (2013). Leadership styles. Daft, R. L. (2014). The leadership experience. Cengage Learning. Foster, R. J. (2012). Coca Globalization. John Wiley Sons, Ltd. Goleman, D., Boyatzis, R., McKee, A. (2013). Primal leadership: Unleashing the power of emotional intelligence. Harvard Business Press. Lowitt, E. (2013). The Collaboration Economy. Murthy, D. V., VenuGopal, K., Ratnalu, D. (2014). Business excellence with indianism: an epitome to global leadership. DMIETR, 69. Northouse, P. G. (2015). Leadership: Theory and practice. Sage publications. Pendergrast, M. (2013). For God, country, and Coca-Cola: The definitive history of the great American soft drink and the company that makes it. Basic Books. Pfitzer, M., Bockstette, V., Stamp, M. (2013). Innovating for shared value. Harvard Business Review, 91(9), 100-107. Shetty, N. (2014). Leadership Style at Coca-Cola Company. Retrieved July, 16. Svendsen, S. E. (2013). Refresh. Create. Inspire: A Rhetorical Analysis of the Mission, Vision and Values Behind The Coca-Cola Company and the Digital Marketing Strategies of the (Doctoral dissertation, Liberty University). Szucs, R. S. (2014). Cognitive Level Of Consumers'knowledge In The Case Of A Few Food Products. European Scientific Journal, 10(10).

Homeless Essays - Homelessness, Humanitarian Aid, Socioeconomics

Homeless What has been done to decrease the problem? One of the largest growing concerns in Toronto is the constantly increasing number of citizens who are finding themselves living on the streets. With the decrease in the number of available jobs, the population of homeless people has literally boomed. My questions are not as simple to answer as they may appear. Why is a large portion of our community forced to live on the streets? What has be done to decrease the problem? These are the questions I will confront in my essay. With the economical wealth attributed to the name "Canada", one would have to wonder why there is a homeless situation at all. This problem is especially evident in Canada's wealthiest city, Toronto. When it comes to the affairs of the people, it is the government who should intervene. When I look at what the government has done with regard to the homeless problem, I have to doubt that everything is being done to eradicate it. The United Nations implemented a universal d eclaration of human rights. Article 25 Section 1 of this declaration states: Everyone has the right to a standard of living adequate for the health and well being of himself and of his family, including food, clothing, housing, and medical care and necessary social services, and to the right to security in the event of unemployment, sickness, disability, widowhood, old age or other lack of livelihood in circumstances beyond his control. This is a step in the right direction. However, this is not enough. These rights are subject to the discretion of the government of the country who decides to obey these universal rights. How much is "adequate"? The government, both at the federal and municipal levels, is currently working on new spending cuts. These cuts also include spending on welfare, unemployment and social services that are geared towards helping the homeless. Spending cuts can be seen as a necessity to maintain the country economically, but the reason for having a government i n the first place is to take care of the people. How can this be done when money is being taken away from those services that are necessary to uphold this obligation? Simply put, it cannot. Those obligations are served by nonprofit organizations who depend on government grants to maintain a standard of care for those who need the services. The blame cannot be placed only on the government. Such a system of assistance depends on its beneficiaries to be honest and have some integrity. Many recipients of these services attempt to "cheat the system". With no will to search for work many of these recipients remain at home and reap the benefits of their weekly cheques. This causes the government to create other services to control the amounts of money being distributed to those people. This process is costly and would be unnecessary if all of the recipients decided to take an honest approach to this service. What can the government do to decrease the homeless population? Although there is no quick and easy answer to solve this difficult problem, Toronto has the means to attempt economical ways to research and come up with ideas to solve it. Here in Ontario we have many excellent universities and colleges with equally excellent students who are taking courses in the political sciences. If the government were to cooperate with these universities and colleges and have them work in conjunction with the current research groups, then the answer to decrease the homeless population would be effectively answered. The government would encounter little expense and at the same time give the students a chance to implement what they are learning into real life situations. Everyone benefits from this idea and there are no losers. In conclusion I think that our homeless problem could eventually be rooted out entirely if everyone were to take part in the care of their fellow neighbour. If we were to stop being self-centered and start thinking about the other person who has less than us, I am sure that we would benefit from it. It isn't all that hard. A few advertisements on the television and radio, a little push from our society's leaders

The Problem of PACs essays

The Problem of PACs essays Over the past thirty years interest groups in America have gained more influence upon government officials and candidates for government office. Interest groups are organizations of people with similar policy goals who enter the political process to achieve those aims. Interest groups have had a significant impact upon elections for many years and, since the invention of political action committees in 1974, PACs have increasingly donated more money to candidates in attempt to achieve their political goals. Interest groups can range from groups that support a womans right to abortion to a group of businessmen that want to ensure no more government regulations are imposed on them. Interest groups can have both positive and negative impacts on the American political system. A hot topic in recent years has been the influence of Political Action Committees or PACs, which are specific special interest groups that raise and give money in order to have their policies shown in government. These PACs represent groups of people that have professional interests such as farmers, lawyers and doctors that want to express their support of candidates through political contributions. Corporate PACs represent the interests of the stockholders and employees with common political interests. PAC campaign contributions on congressional votes in recent years are distorting the democratic process and corrupting our political system in favor of those who can raise the most money. The influence of corporate PACs on Congress has especially lead to corporate welfare and has cost taxpayers billions of dollars in recent years. For instance, Congress failed to regulate tobacco and cigarette advertising due to the $30 million dollars worth of PAC contributions from tobacco c ompanies over the 90s until it recently passed restrictions on such advertising. Also the timber industry preva ...

A creative love story Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

A creative love story - Essay Example he eternal love story, â€Å"Romeo and Juliet† and our love story indeed took a start in the same way, like all star-crossed lovers falling onto each other’s arm and then reaching the climax to fall apart but in my case Jane, my Romeo was a magician, he promised me to be together and he said me that I’ll never have to be alone. Jane was two years senior to me in my school and we fell in love with each other very soon while going down the vales, crossing the woods and running after the butterfly on our way to school. Summers passed and spring was in the air, with flowers, colors and smell in the air and we were engrossed in each other under the blue sky and full moon. I asked Jane, â€Å"Honey, I do not want to be alone anymore. â€Å"I do not want to lose you†. Jane replied, â€Å"Do not worry, Scarlet, we will be together forever.†Days passed by and it was white around. It was Christmas! Jane was on my balcony crossing the garden. To meet me, he threw pebble on my window. A trick he had taken a number of times to send me signals. Unfortunately, that Christmas Eve my dad received the sound of the pebble and came out in the yard to catch me and my love red handed. I could only see him pushing back Jane and a loud sound came to ears, â€Å"Stay away you jerk! Stay away, from Scarlet. That was the last time I saw my Jane. Snow melted fast and new leaves were on the branches of the tree, people on street and birds out of their nests. Only I was inside my room then for more than a month. Suddenly, I don’t know how, my friend Catherine arrived one Sunday morning and insisted me to go out with her. I was very sure that dad won’t allow us. However, to my despair, he let us go to the outskirts and there the greatest excitement of my life was waiting. My Jane was waiting for me. I was meeting him after a month and I could see the same spark in his eyes. I said to Jane, â€Å"There’s no way left, apart from running away†. â€Å"Please Jane take me away very far where nobody

Synopsis Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Synopsis - Assignment Example Under the new role women were to be confined into homes as guardians of family and hearth. All major decisions were to be done by men only, women should take care about home, bare children and take care of them and keep the institution of family working properly. This, de facto and de iure, was a huge step back for women of Germany who were among the first in the world to be granted voting rights under the Weimar Republic. Yet, somehow large numbers of German women supported Hitler. They were, as Koonz describes, devoted to the cause and, almost religiously committed to it. That way a paradox arose in Nazi Germany, a paradox in which women supported something that will give them a second class citizen status at best. Koonz asserts that women in Germany were same as men distrustful of democracy, liberal and modern ideas, and at the same time, intensely nationalistic. To best illustrate her point Koonz included in the book an interview she did with Gertrud Scholtz Klink in the early 1980’s. Scholtz was a former Head of Frauenschaft, Women’s Department under the Nazis. She, as interview done four decades after the fact shows, embodied exactly what Koonz was claiming. Even then she stated numerous times how proud she was of her so called new power given to her and women in general by Hitler. The whole conversation proved, beyond any doubt, that â€Å"female supporters of the Nazis accepted the Nazi division of the sexes into a public sphere for men and a private sphere for women.† Professor Koonz, also, explores the process in which German women politically influenced the country at that time. By sheer logic, women making one half of German population and having voting rights at the time, were very instrumental in aiding Hitler’s rise to power, which in turn, allowed him and the Nazis to implement their policies and commit atrocities in the coming years. In those years of the Third Reich, German women, like

PESTEL analysis of the macro-environments

PESTEL analysis of the macro-environments There are many factors in the macro-environment that will effect the decisions of the managers of any organisation. Tax changes, new laws, trade barriers, demographic change and government policy changes are all examples of macro change. To help analyse these factors managers can categorise them using the PESTEL model. This classification distinguishes between: Political factors. These refer to government policy such as the degree of intervention in the economy. What goods and services does a government want to provide? To what extent does it believe in subsidising firms? What are its priorities in terms of business support? Political decisions can impact on many vital areas for business such as the education of the workforce, the health of the nation and the quality of the infrastructure of the economy such as the road and rail system. Economic factors.  These include interest rates, taxation changes, economic growth, inflation and exchange rates. As you will see throughout the Foundations of Economics book economic change can have a major impact on a firms behaviour. For example: higher interest rates may deter investment because it costs more to borrow a strong currency may make exporting more difficult because it may raise the price in terms of foreign currency inflation may provoke higher wage demands from employees and raise costs higher national income growth may boost demand for a firms products Social factors.  Changes in social trends can impact on the demand for a firms products and the availability and willingness of individuals to work. In the UK, for example, the population has been ageing. This has increased the costs for firms who are committed to pension payments for their employees because their staff are living longer. It also means some firms such as Asda have started to recruit older employees to tap into this growing labour pool. The ageing population also has impact on demand: for example, demand for sheltered accommodation and medicines has increased whereas demand for toys is falling. Technological factors:  new technologies create new products and new processes. MP3 players, computer games, online gambling and high definition TVs are all new markets created by technological advances. Online shopping, bar coding and computer aided design are all improvements to the way we do business as a result of better technology. Technology can reduce costs, improve quality and lead to innovation. These developments can benefit consumers as well as the organisations providing the products. Environmental factors:  environmental factors include the weather and climate change. Changes in temperature can impact on many industries including farming, tourism and insurance. With major climate changes occurring due to global warming and with greater environmental awareness this external factor is becoming a significant issue for firms to consider. The growing desire to protect the environment is having an impact on many industries such as the travel and transportation industries (for example, more taxes being placed on air travel and the success of hybrid cars) and the general move towards more environmentally friendly products and processes is affecting demand patterns and creating business opportunities. Legal factors:  these are related to the legal environment in which firms operate. In recent years in the UK there have been many significant legal changes that have affected firms behaviour. The introduction of age discrimination and disability discrimination legislation, an increase in the minimum wage and greater requirements for firms to recycle are examples of relatively recent laws that affect an organisations actions. Legal changes can affect a firms costs (e.g. if new systems and procedures have to be developed) and demand (e.g. if the law affects the likelihood of customers buying the good or using the service). Different categories of law include: consumer laws; these are designed to protect customers against unfair practices such as misleading descriptions of the product competition laws; these are aimed at protecting small firms against bullying by larger firms and ensuring customers are not exploited by firms with monopoly power employment laws; these cover areas such as redundancy, dismissal, working hours and minimum wages. They aim to protect employees against the abuse of power by managers health and safety legislation; these laws are aimed at ensuring the workplace is as safe as is reasonably practical. They cover issues such as training, reporting accidents and the appropriate provision of safety equipment Typical PESTEL factors to consider include: Factor Could include: Political e.g. EU enlargement, the euro, international trade, taxation policy Economic e.g. interest rates, exchange rates, national income, inflation, unemployment, Stock Market Social e.g. ageing population, attitudes to work, income distribution Technological e.g. innovation, new product development, rate of technological obsolescence Environmental e.g. global warming, environmental issues Legal e.g. competition law, health and safety, employment law By using the PESTEL framework we can analyse the many different factors in a firms macro environment. In some cases particular issues may fit in several categories. For example, the creation of the Monetary Policy Committee by the Labour government in 1997 as a body that was independent of government but had the ability to set interest rates was a political decision but has economic consequences; meanwhile government economic policy can influence investment in technology via taxes and tax credits. If a factor can appear in several categories managers simply make a decision of where they think it best belongs. However, it is important not to just list PESTEL factors because this does not in itself tell managers very much. What managers need to do is to think about which factors are most likely to change and which ones will have the greatest impact on them i.e. each firm must identify the key factors in their own environment. For some such as pharmaceutical companies government regulation may be critical; for others, perhaps firms that have borrowed heavily, interest rate changes may be a huge issue. Managers must decide on the relative importance of various factors and one way of doing this is to rank or score the likelihood of a change occurring and also rate the impact if it did. The higher the likelihood of a change occurring and the greater the impact of any change the more significant this factor will be to the firms planning. It is also important when using PESTEL analysis to consider the level at which it is applied. When analysing companies such as Sony, Chrysler, Coca Cola, BP and Disney it is important to remember that they have many different parts to their overall business they include many different divisions and in some cases many different brands. Whilst it may be useful to consider the whole business when using PESTEL in that it may highlight some important factors, managers may want to narrow it down to a particular part of the business (e.g. a specific division of Sony); this may be more useful because it will focus on the factors relevant to that part of the business. They may also want to differentiate between factors which are very local, other which are national and those which are global. For example, a retailer undertaking PESTEL analysis may consider: Local factors  such as planning permission and local economic growth rates National factors  such as UK laws on retailer opening hours and trade descriptions legislation and UK interest rates Global factors  such as the opening up of new markets making trade easier. The entry of Bulgaria and Rumania into the European Union might make it easier to enter that market in terms of meeting the various regulations and provide new expansion opportunities. It might also change the labour force within the UK and recruitment opportunities. This version of PESTEL analysis is called LoNGPESTEL. This is illustrated below: LOCAL NATIONAL GLOBAL POLITICAL Provision of services by local council UK government policy on subsidies World trade agreements e.g. further expansion of the EU ECONOMIC Local income UK interest rates Overseas economic growth SOCIAL Local population growth Demographic change (e.g. ageing population) Migration flows TECHNOLOGICAL Improvements in local technologies e.g. availability of Digital TV UK wide technology e.g. UK online services International technological breakthroughs e.g. internet ENVIRONMENTAL Local waste issues UK weather Global climate change LEGAL Local licences/planning permission UK law International agreements on human rights or environmental policy In Foundations of Economics we focus on the economic environment. We examine issues such as the effect of interest rate changes, changes in exchange rates, changes in trade policy, government intervention in an economy via spending and taxation and economic growth rates. These can be incredibly important factors in a firms macro-environment. The growth of China and India, for example, have had massive effects on many organisations. Firms can relocate production there to benefit from lower costs; these emerging markets are also providing enormous markets for firms to aim their products at. With a population of over 1 billion, for example, the Chinese market is not one you would want to ignore; at the same time Chinese producers should not be ignored either. However, the relative importance of economic factors compared to other factors will depend on the particular position of a business. Exchange rate fluctuations may be critically important to a multinational but less significant to a local window cleaner. Rapid economic growth or economic decline may be very significant to a construction business that depends heavily on the level of income in the economy but may be slightly less significant to a milk producer whose product is less sensitive to income. So whilst the economy is important to all firms on both the supply side (e.g. unemployment levels affect the ease of recruitment) and demand side (e.g. income tax affects spending power) the relative importance of specific economic factors and the relative importance of the economy compared to, say, regulation or social trends will vary. Whilst we hope this book provides a good insight into the economy and the possible effects of economic change on a business these must be considered in the light of other macro and micro factors that influence a firms decisions and success. macro environment Hide links within definitions Definitions (2) 1. Major external and uncontrollable  factors  that  influencean  organizations  decision making, and affect itsperformance  and  strategies. These factors include theeconomic,  demographics,  legal, political, and socialconditions, technological  changes, and natural  forces. 2. Factors that influence a  companys  or  productsHYPERLINK http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/development.htmldevelopment  but that are outside of the companys  control. For example, the  macro  environment could includecompetitors, changes in  interest rates, changes in cultural tastes, or  government  regulations. How Macro Environment affects Financial Management Decision? Macro environment is a dynamic factor and has changed drastically in last few years, leading to increase in avenues, competition and complexity. Efficient financial management calls for better financial decisions. This is only possible when every factor is reviewed which can affect the decision in any way and macro environment is one of the most important factors. This has made financial management more critical and sensitive for any business. Effective evaluation of alternatives is very critical in financial decisions. The evaluation calls for analysis of various factors belonging to both macro as well as micro environment. Financial management; a specialized field of general management is affected to a large extent by macro situations. We have to make various decisions related to finance; broadly such decisions include capital budgeting, capital structure working capital decisions. Capital budgeting facilitates investment decisions, capital structure takes care of decisions relating to mix of sources of funds and, working capital assesses the day to day needs of business. While taking these decisions, one needs to understand the criticality of environmental forces. Since, there is no single factor that makes our macro environment but group of various forces like political, legal, economical, social, technological etc, together build it. An effective financial decision needs assessment of these factors. To evaluate various macro forces, it is necessary to be aware of the system and processes of the country constituting the economy. For e.g. financial system of a country which plays a major role while making financial decision. Awareness about financial environment helps us understand how it constraints or facilitate implementation of decisions. Financial environment comprises of various intermediaries as well as regulatory bodies. A simple example will help us understand the criticality of macro factors thoroughly. A change in credit policy like tightening of prudential norms for banks (for e.g. Increase in Cash Reserve Ratio and Statutory Liquidity Ratio by central bank of a country) will reduce the money supply in the economy. Decreased money supply will push up the interest rates and make credit costlier for people who want to borrow. Costly credit will directly affect the capital structure decision. It will also affect capital budgeting decision while assessing the feasibility of the investment alternative. Since, a higher cost of capital will increase the percentage of discounting factor (opportunity cost) with which the future cash flows are discounted. This may cause deferring or canceling the capital expenditure (CAPEX) plans. Also, one should be updated with various changes taking place around the world. We are living in an era of globalization where, nothing is stable and information technology has made the access to news and information of the world just a click away. World is becoming a level playing field where, not only national but international factor can also cause a threat. Like, Sub-prime Crisis brought a challenging time for almost entire world. To summarize, financial management and its decisions are greatly based on some major assumptions. These assumptions are greatly based on the macro factors such as country or worldwide interest rates, gross domestic product (GDP) of a country, growth rate of economy, production and sales figures, population census etc. It clarifies to a great extent that financial decisions may go wrong if proper study of macro factors is not done. If the foundation go wrong, dreaming about a strong building would be equivalent to day dreaming. The new Thinking The role of the Ministry ought to be facilitating industrialists to achieve their vision and being a catalyst in that process I was curious when invited to deliver the keynote address at a seminar which is on Investment Opportunities in the New Economy because the last person you would want to speak on investment opportunities is a bureaucrat.   I think investment opportunities come from the market. And if by the New Economy you are referring to the post-peace era, what we would want to see is not bureaucrats deciding on new investment opportunities, but letting the private sector decide what new opportunities are available for investment.   I have been in the Ministry for the last three months. And during the three months I have encouraged a soul-searching exercise within the Ministry as to what the role of the Ministry ought to be. We have asked ourselves the questions: What is the vision of the Ministry? Together with the Minister and with the senior staff of the Ministry, we have been trying to define the vision we hold for industry in Sri Lanka. And in order to achieve that vision, what is the mission of the Industries Ministry? I would like to share with you some of our conclusions.   We believe that the vision of the industrial sector, as well as that of the Ministry should be to create an internationally competitive, robust, modern industrial sector in Sri Lanka. If we are looking at five years or ten years from now, we would like to see our industrial sector being internationally competitive, self dependent, robust and modern. The age when government subsidized industry, when industry existed with handouts from government is over. If that is the vision that we hold out for industry, what is the mission of the Ministry? We intend sharing with the chambers our views on this matter because we want the chambers to either endorse or suggest what the Ministry ought to do. And in that context we will be unfolding before them the work programme of the Ministry. We will be accountable to industry and the chambers. Every six months we will tell them what we have achieved.   If making the industrial sector modern and internationally competitive is our vision, what is the role or the mission of the Ministry? We believe that the role of the Ministry ought to be facilitating industrialists to achieve their vision and being the catalyst in that process. And we have tried to ask ourselves the question, if we are a facilitator, if we want to be a catalyst in helping industry to achieve their vision, what should we be doing. The new organizational structure of the Ministry will reflect that mission.   Let me share some thoughts with you on what we feel are the areas that we should be involved in and we intend to get involved in. Firstly, all of you as business men and industrialists would agree that more than all the incentives and the tax breaks that you would desire, the fundamental question for industrialists is the macro environment. If you do not have a conducive macro environment in which to operate, I do not think we can talk of business or industry.   What do we mean by the macro environment? Macro environment comprises several factors like interest rates, labour policy, tariff regime, the regulatory framework, investment policy, entry policy and exit policy. There is a whole heap of factors including the legislative framework that creates the macro environment. If that macro environment is not right, I do not think any industry can flourish in a country. So we would have a Director in the Ministry in charge of these macro environmental issues. The last budget included a proposal to set up a permanent Tariff Commission to decide on tariff issues. The market is dynamic and tariff issues keep changing. The government will very soon appoint a Tariff Commission.   Similarly we intend to be represented on bodies that decide on other areas pertaining to industry, in creating that macro environment for industry, labour policy and interest rates.   The second area is industrial policy itself. I am sure many of you have either listened to or participated in debates which discussed what industries ought to be protected in Sri Lanka, if any. We find criticism at many fora where people say we opened up our economy too soon and too sudden. We did not give a chance to local industry to face competition from imported products. Even today there are people who believe that we should not allow some foreign products which have captured the markets to come into this country.   What is Government policy on this issue? We would like to develop that policy in the Ministry after discussions with industry and the chambers.   If you take a simple example, today the shoe industry is facing competition from imports from China. Huge amounts of shoes are on the pavements and in shops that have been imported at very low prices. The shoe industry in Sri Lanka employs more than 5,000 workers. And that is in the organised sector. I am ignoring the informal sector. That industry is crying for protection. Should we protect the shoe industry? There are some who argue that if our industry is to survive, they should be able to compete with any imported product.   In all the sectors of industry that we have dealt with, there are major issues of this kind. So, I think it is necessary for the Government to announce, after a dialogue with the industry and chambers, the policy of the government on protection. I am sure as consumers we would all like to pay a cheap price. We would not like to pay even more, even for the cause of protecting industry. I dont think our national consciousness goes to such an extent that we would agree to the government levying a duty of say, Rs. 900 in order to protect a local industry which manufactures the same products at a cost of Rs. 1,000 while the imported price is only Rs. 100.   If on the other hand, the imported product is Rs. 100 and the cost of the local product is Rs. 110, and there is also a likelihood that given the requisite support, given the assistance needed to upgrade technology and be more productive, the local product can also be sold at Rs 100 within a reasonable period of time, then you and I may not mind a duty of Rs. 10 being levied on the imported product in order to give that local industry a chance to improve and be competitive. In fact, if you look at examples in other countries, if you look at the Indian example, there was a time when milk produced in India was far more costly than imported milk. At that time, they imposed a duty on imported milk and used the money that was recovered to help the local milk industry. Today India is in a position to export milk. We should think carefully what our policy ought to be on tariff issues. So the Ministry would like to get into that exercise and help government make a declaration of its policy on tariffs. Similarly, there are other issues of industrial policy like the BOI and the non BOI regime. I am sure most of you are aware that the same industry within the BOI enjoys certain privileges which are not available to a similar non BOI industry operating in Sri Lanka. The budget has tried to take those differences away and unify the system. Similar issues are there on industrial policy with regard to environment, location of industries and the zones. All those areas are matters on which the Ministry wants to focus its attention. A third area is entrepreneurship development. Sri Lanka has a history of being a protected economy. We have few entrepreneurs in the country. Much less than the desired number we would need in a market economy. We have over the years got our people used to a static, comfortable state of affairs where risk taking is no more in our genes. We need to take some steps in the universities and in the schools to inculcate the spirit of entrepreneurship in our future generations.   There is an excellent programme in schools, executed with the collaboration of an American organisation for creating entrepreneurship in the schools. There are 300 schools that have formed companies with the students. They produce and market products. We need similar exercises like the incubation programmes, the Vasanthaya Programme, and so on to create enterpreneurs in the country. Thus, the third area that we would like to get into is to invest in entrepreneur development. A fourth area that the Ministry would like to get into is small and medium industry.   With the assistance of the Asian Development Bank, we are now engaged in the process of finishing a white paper which will outline the strategy for development of SME industry in the county for the next five years. There is a short term plan and a medium and long term plan. That paper will be out for public scrutiny. There will be public hearings held about the white paper throughout the country. And we intend publishing and implementing the proposals embodied in that white paper.   These four areas are not sector specific. They cut across all sectors. In fact, without having a conducive macro environment, a rational industrial policy and entrepreneurs, I do not think we can develop industry. And the Ministry would devote much attention to those areas in the forthcoming years.   But, that alone will not do. There are sector specific problems and we need to get involved with such issues. For that purpose, we have selected 15 sectors based on two studies done for Sri Lanka. One, the JICA sponsored, Japanese assisted study, and the other, the USAID Competitiveness study. Based on those two studies we have selected 15 sectors and formed task forces in each of these sectors. 14 have already been formed. These task forces are led by the private sector and the Ministry only has a director who acts as the secretary to each task force.   The task force in each group will prepare a five year plan for the sector. The five year plan will have four elements. One, the state of the sector today in the country how many units are there, how many are employed, how much exports, what is the degree of technology, competitiveness in that particular sector. In other words, they will prepare a profile of the sector as it is today.   Secondly, they will do a SWOT analysis for that industry. They would look at the strengths and weaknesses of that industry in Sri Lanka and analyse the opportunities and threats faced by that industry. Thirdly, they would decide what would be reasonable targets for that sector to achieve in five years. They will create a vision for the sector in terms of increased number of units, increased exports and increased employment. And lastly, they will specify what they want the government to do in order to help them realize their vision. A simple five year plan is to be prepared by all 15 sectors. Two sectors have already completed their assignment and handed over the documents to the Ministry. The Ministry will monitor them and help them reach those targets. There could be policy changes that are required. Areas in which the industry needs the support of the Government as identified in these sector studies will receive the attention of the Ministry.   In reinventing the Ministry to playing that role of facilitator and catalyst, there is a tremendous contribution that the Ministry could make for industry. It is a challenge that I and my colleagues in the Ministry are eager to take on. PEST analysis From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia   Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  (Redirected from  PESTLE) PEST analysis  stands for Political,  Economic,  Social, and  Technological analysis and describes a framework of macro-environmental factors used in the  environmental scanning  component of  strategic management. Some analysts added  Legal and rearranged the mnemonic to SLEPT;1  inserting  Environmental factors expanded it to PESTEL or PESTLE, which is popular in the UK.2  The model has recently been further extended to STEEPLE and STEEPLED, adding education and  demographicfactors. It is a part of the external analysis when conducting a strategic analysis or doing  market research, and gives an overview of the different macroenvironmental factors that the company has to take into consideration. It is a useful strategic tool for understanding market growth or decline, business position, potential and direction for operations. The growing importance of environmental or ecological factors in the first decade of the 21st century have given rise to  green business  and encouraged widespread use of an updated version of the PEST framework. STEER analysis systematically considers Socio-cultural, Technological, Economic, Ecological, and Regulatory factors. Contents   [hide] 1HYPERLINK http://www.srilankadot.com/wiki-PESTLE#The_Model.27s_Factors  HYPERLINK http://www.srilankadot.com/wiki-PESTLE#The_Model.27s_FactorsThe Models Factors 2HYPERLINK http://www.srilankadot.com/wiki-PESTLE#Applicability_of_the_Factors  HYPERLINK http://www.srilankadot.com/wiki-PESTLE#Applicability_of_the_FactorsApplicability of the Factors 3HYPERLINK http://www.srilankadot.com/wiki-PESTLE#Use_of_PEST_analysis_with_other_models  HYPERLINK http://www.srilankadot.com/wiki-PESTLE#Use_of_PEST_analysis_with_other_modelsUse of PEST analysis with other models 4HYPERLINK http://www.srilankadot.com/wiki-PESTLE#See_also  HYPERLINK http://www.srilankadot.com/wiki-PESTLE#See_alsoSee also 5HYPERLINK http://www.srilankadot.com/wiki-PESTLE#References  HYPERLINK http://www.srilankadot.com/wiki-PESTLE#ReferencesReferences 6HYPERLINK http://www.srilankadot.com/wiki-PESTLE#External_links  HYPERLINK http://www.srilankadot.com/wiki-PESTLE#External_linksExternal links The Models Factors Political  factors, are how and to what degree a  government  intervenes in the economy. Specifically, political factors include areas such as  tax policy,  labour law,  environmental law,  trade restrictions,  tariffs, and political stability. Political factors may also include goods and services which the government wants to provide or be provided (merit goods) and those that the government does not want to be provided (demerit goods  or merit bads). Furthermore, governments have great influence on the  health,  education, and  infrastructure  of a nation. Economic  factors include  economic growth,  interest rates,  exchange rates  and the  inflation rate. These factors have major impacts on how businesses operate and make decisions. For example, interest rates affect a firms  cost of HYPERLINK http://www.srilankadot.com/wiki-Cost_of_capitalcapital  and therefore to what extent a business grows and expands. Exchange rates affect the costs of exporting goods and the supply and price of imported goods in an economy Social  factors include the cultural aspects and include health consciousness, population growth rate, age distribution, career attitudes and emphasis on safety. Trends in social factors affect the demand for a companys products and how that company operates. For example, an aging population may imply a smaller and less-willing workforce (thus increasing the cost of labor). Furthermore, companies may change various management strategies to adapt to these social trends (such as recruiting older workers). Technological  factors include ecological and environmental aspects, such as  RHYPERLINK http://www.srilankadot.com/wiki-RDHYPERLINK http://www.srilankadot.com/wiki-RDD  activity,  automation, technology incentives and the rate of  technological change. They can determine  barriers to entry, minimum efficient production level and influence  outsourcing  decisions. Furthermore, technological shifts can affect costs, quality, and lead to  innovation. Environmental  factors include weather, climate, and  climate change, which may especially affect industries such as tourism, farming, and insurance.Furthermore, growing awareness to climate change is affecting how companies operate and the products they offerit is both creating new markets and diminishing or destroying existing ones. Legal  factors include  discrimination law,  consumer law,  antitrust law,  employment law, and  health and s