Lung Cancer Essay - 1667 Words

There are two different types of lung cancer, non-small cell lung cancer and small cell lung cancer. It is all depending on the size of what the cells look like under a microscope. Both of these types of lung cancer can grow differently which leads to them both being treated differently. Non-small cell lung cancer is the more common of the two and it usually grows fairly slow. There are three main types of non-small cell lung cancer and they are squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, and large cell carcinoma. Small cell cancer is the least common and it grows fairly rapid and it can easily spread to other organs in the body (Cavendish, p.946). Usually cells grow and divide at a specific pace that keeps the body working healthy but†¦show more content†¦A bronchoscopy is when a patient is sedated and a fiberoptic flexible tube is moved through the mouth into the bronchi tube (the tube that carries air to the lungs) and they can find blockages made by tumors or cancer. Blood tests are also taken to see if cancer cells have spread to the liver or bones. Staging of non-small cell lung cancer is described with the TNM system. T stands for tumor, it’s size and how far it has spread, N stands for the lymph nodes, and M stands for metastasis, spread to other organs. All of these are combined and a stage is assigned to each group. There are four different stages for the non-small cell lung cancer T stages. â€Å"Tis† is when cancer is found only in the lay of cells lining the air passages and not found anywhere else. â€Å"T1† is when the cancer is no larger than 3 centimeters. â€Å"T2† is when the cancer is no larger then 3 centimeters, it involves a main bronchus but is not closer then 2 centimeters to where the trachea branches off into the main bronchi, it has spread to the visceral pleura, the cancer partially clogs the airways but the lung is not collapsed or under pneumonia. â€Å"T3† is when the cancer has spread to the chest wall, the diaphragm, the mediastinal pleura, or the parietal pericardium, when the cancer involves a main bronchus and is closer then 2 centimeters to where the trachea branches into the main bronchi butShow MoreRelatedEssay on Lung Cancer839 Words   |  4 Pagesresponsible for nearly one in five deaths in the United States. 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However, numbers have dropped considerably in recent times, by about 16% in the last decade alone. Dr Patrisha Macnair last medically reviewedRead MoreLung Cancer : Cancer And Cancer1315 Words   |  6 PagesLung cancer is the number one leading cause of cancer deaths in the United States. Lung cancer kills more people than any other cancer, such as; breast cancer, colon, prostate, or ovarian. There are two types of lung cancer, small cell lung cancer and non-small lung cancers. These two lung cancers grow and spread differently. Small cell lung cancer tends to spread quickly and makes up about 10-15 percent of the lung cancers. Non-small lung cancer is the most common type, it attributes to aboutRead MoreLung Cancer1476 Words   |  6 PagesThe Genetics of Lung Cancer Catherine Hayworth BIO 355A/357A June 14, 2012 Colorado Christian University Cancer can be one of the hardest battles that one must face, whether that battle is lost or won, it changes the lives of everyone involved. Lung cancer is one of the most diagnosed cancers and it affects the lining of the lungs and the ability to breathe. Lung cancer is the number one killer of men and women than any other cancer worldwide. This cancer is mostly found in smokers andRead MoreLung Cancer930 Words   |  4 PagesLung Cancer Lung cancer is one of the most common cancers in the world, its deadly claws stretched over all continents in the world. However, lung cancer is not just a disease; it can act as a magnifying glass; many social problems and goodness of society can be revealed through the causes of lung cancer. Lung cancer is formed when the cells of the lungs grow in an uncontrolled way, this creates a lump or a tumor which can either be malignant or benign. Smoking and unhealthy diets are all causesRead MoreHealth Care For Lung Cancer1224 Words   |  5 Pages2012 there was in increase in lung cancer deaths by 3.5%, this percent is still rising in women while it’s stable in men (CDC, 2014). Nowadays, about 402,324 Americans have lung cancer. In 2014, the newly diagnosed lung cancer cases are 224,210, they represent 13% of all cancer diagnosis (ACS, 2014). Lung cancer affects old people and always they diagnosed in the last five years of their life. Around 80% of people who live with lung cancer their ages more than 60 years (USNIH, 2011). In KentuckyRead MoreCause And Effect Of Lung Cancer Essay1334 Words   |  6 Pages Lung cancer is one of the most lethal cancer known throughout the world. The most common suspect of that is smoking, then what happens to the people who inhales the smokers’ smoke? Are they also at risk for developing lung cancer from being a victim? The answer to that right now is that secondhand smoke alone is just a risk factor, there are no evidence right now that currently show that secondhand smoke alone can cause lung cancer by itself. This means that we need to encourage studies that areRead MoreCause And Effect Of Lung Cancer1612 Words   |  7 PagesIn addition, since emphysema is said to be one of the causes of lung cancer, it can be said that smoking is also related to lung cancer. As is well known, currently, there are no effective treatment for cancer. Smoking habit is the main cause of lung cancer. The probability of a smoker becoming lung cancer is said to be about ten times more than that of a non-smoker. Also, smoking hurts their own DNA, that is, the risk o f lung cancer extends to offspring. There may be people who think smoking cessation

Gas prices - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 14 Words: 4251 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Statistics Essay Did you like this example? Gas prices are going up. We realize this is an obvious statement because you buy gas and you pay attention. But maybe you arent paying as much attention as you thought you were. Did you realize that gas prices have gone up 46% in the last year? A year ago, gas prices were at $1.96 on average, nationwide. A year later, prices sit at $2.86 per gallon. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Gas prices" essay for you Create order The problem is, weve become so used to gas prices in the $3/gallon neighborhood and were beaten down when gas prices hit $4/gallon over the summer that a year passes and we are OK with prices regularly being in this range. Were immune to it. Well, your friends at TrueCar have found a way to help you fight back. We dug into our vast collection of data and pulled out a real series of gems for you. We assembled a list of the Top 10 2009 and 2010 hybrid vehicles. But, we havent ranked them by which hybrids have the coolest navigation system or the best ad campaign. Nopewe ranked them by which Hybrid is going to get you the most smoking hot discount. These are the hybrids that dealers are right now discounting the most. These deals include all of the incentive money currently being offered, including manufacturer and dealer incentives and federal tax credits. Deals are ranked by the final selling price, or the average discount dealers deduct from sticker price. The majority of European countries give tax rebated to hybrid cars buyers in an effort to stimulate hybrid car sales, or even VAT breaks, owners paying only 50% of the cars price or even a bonus of up to 6,400 euros, while in Netherlands, hybrid car drivers pay half of all road taxes. Benefits of buying a hybrid car in EuropeSend Wave Send Trimite prin Twitter Share Y!M Salveaza ca PDF FontMareste dimensiune fontMicsoreaza dimensiune font PUBLICITATE: In Switzerland, fuel-efficient car buyers benefit of various types of discounts, depending on the hybrid car they purchase. For Type A hybrids, buyers pay a 50% lower VAT of the cars value, while for Type B they are given a 5,000 Swiss francs discount, and for Type C, the discount is of 1,000 CHF (650 euros). Italy offers a 2,800 euro rebate to buyers of eco-friendly cars. Spain is being divided in two regions, Andalusia and Castilla Leon, the discounts being 2,000 euros and 1,890 euros respectively. In Belgium, the tax rebates for fuel-efficient cars depend on the CO2 emissions level, below 105g/km or below 115g/km, the rebates ranging between 15% and 3%. In Greece, no taxes are levied for hybrid cars, while in Slovenia, the buyers pay taxes only for cars with CO2 emissions below 110g/km. In France, the hybrid car owners benefit of 2,000 euro discount of the car price in case of natural persons, or 700 euros in case of companies. In Portugal, all taxes incurred when purchasing a new vehicle are cut to half in case of hybrid cars. Netherlands offers a 6,400 bonus depending on the performances of the hybrid car. Hybrid car owners pay half of all road taxes. In Luxemburg, for a hybrid with CO2 emissions below 120g/km the owner benefits of a 750-euro discount. Sweden offers discounts of up to 1,000 euros to natural persons when purchasing a hybrid car with CO2 emissions below 120 g/km, and offers a 40% tax rebate to companies. In Austria, under a bonus-malus system, cars emitting less than 120g/km and running more than 1km on electric engine mode receive a maximum bonus of 500euros. Cars emitting emitting less than 120g/km attract a bonus of 300 euros. German citizens are tax exempted for two years, if they own a Euro5 hybrid car or for one year if they own a Euro4 car. In Romania, not taxes are charged when purchasing a hybrid, electric or Euro-5 vehicle. 2011 Chevrolet Volt First Li-Ion pack off the assembly line OEM cost is unknown at this time. A study released by the Boston Consulting Group revealed that even though BEV battery costs are expected to fall sharply over the coming decade, they are unlikely to drop enough to spark widespread adoption of fully electric vehicles without a major breakthrough in battery technology. The study concludes that the long-term cost target used by many carmakers in planning their future fleets of electric cars ($250/kWh) is unlikely to be achieved unless there is a major breakthrough in battery chemistry that substantially increases the energy density without significantly increasing the cost of either battery materials or the manufacturing process. Given current technology options, we see substantial challenges to achieving this goal by 2020, said Xavier Mosquet, Detroit-based leader of BCGs global automotive practice and a coauthor of the study. For years, people have been saying that one of the keys to reducing our dependency on fossil fuels is the electrification of the vehicle fleet. The reality is, electric-car batteries are both too expensive and too technologically limited for this to happen in the foreseeable future. Most electric cars in the new decade will use Li-Ion batteries citing the current cost of similar Li-Ion batteries used in consumer electronics (about $250 to $400 per kWh). Many OEMs have projected the cost of an automotive Li-Ion battery pack will fall from its current price of between $1,000 and $1,200/kWh to between $250 and $500 per kWh once manufacturing economies of scale are achieved. BCG, however, points out that consumer batteries are simpler than car batteries and must meet significantly less demanding requirements, especially regarding safety and life span. So actual battery costs will likely be higher than what carmakers predict. Despite this cost challenge, the report projects steady growth for HEVs, PHEVs and BEVs and the batteries that power them. Under the most likely scenario, BCG estimates that 26 percent of the new cars sold in 2020 in the major developed markets (China, Japan, the United States, and Western Europe) will have all-electric or hybrid power trains. That same year, the market for electric-car batteries in those regions will reach $25 billion. This burgeoning market will be about triple the size of todays entire lithium-ion-battery market for consumer applications such as laptop computers and cell phones, said Mosquet, noting that the forecast applies to all the components sold to OEMs for battery packs. To show how battery costs will decline, BCG uses the example of a typical supplier of Li-NI-CO-AL (NCA) batteries-one of the most prominent technologies for automotive applications. BCGs analysis suggests that by 2020, the price that OEMs pay for NCA batteries will decrease by 60 to 65 percent, from current levels of $990-$1,220 per kWh to $360-$440 per kWh. So the cost for a 15-kWh NCA pack would fall from around $16,000 to about $6,000. The price to consumers will similarly fall, from $1,400-$1,800 per kWh to $570-$700 per kWh-or $8,000-$10,000 for the same pack. Even in 2020, consumers will find this price of $8,000 to $10,000 to be a significant part of the vehicles overall cost. They will carefully evaluate the cost savings of driving an electric car versus an ICE-based car against the higher up-front cost, explained Massimo Russo, a Boston-based partner and coauthor of the report. It will be a complex purchase decision involving an evaluation of operating costs, carbon benefits, and potential range limitations, as well as product features. Beyond costs, other key challenges facing BEV/PHEV/HEV battery market are energy storage capacity, charging time, and infrastructure needs. BCG believes that pending a major breakthrough, batteries will continue to limit the driving range of fully electric vehicles to 160-190 miles between charges. As a result, fully electric vehicles that are as convenient as ICE-based cars-meaning that they can travel 300 + miles on a single charge and can recharge in a matter of minutes-are unlikely to be available for the mass market by 2020. In view of the need for a pervasive infrastructure for charging or swapping batteries, the adoption of fully electric vehicles in 2020 may be limited to specific applications, such as commercial fleets, commuter cars, and cars that are confined to a prescribed range of use, the report concludes. The report, titled Batteries for Electric Cars: Challenges, Opportunities and the Outlook to 2020, is a companion piece to a report BCG published in January 2009 on the future of alternative power-train technologies (The Comeback of the Electric Car? How Real, How Soon, and What Must Happen Next). The new reports findings are based on a detailed analysis of existing e-car battery research and interviews with more than 50 battery suppliers, auto OEMs, university researchers, start-up battery-technology companies, and government agencies across Asia, the United States, and Western Europe. The report also draws on the firms extensive work with auto OEMs and suppliers worldwide. What did the BCG group miss? Currently, Chinese sourced 2.3 kWh Li-PO packs are available retail for $1,036 or $450/kWh today through Enginer. These are not yet OEM quality chemistry but they are OEM capable and if these can be manufactured for this price retail, wholesale to an OEM is going to be just 1/2 to 1/3 of this. BATTERIES: The function of the battery in a HEV may be varied. The battery may be a major power source, or may be used in conjuction with the primary power source(s) to level out the supply of power to the drivetrain. As a consequence, the amount of battery power aboard a HEV may vary between a single battery to a pack of many batteries connected together. When using batteries as a primary source of power, the HEV designer becomes concerned with the mass and volume of the battery pack required to meet the power and energy needs of the vehicle. The drive to achieve high power and energy densities have led the HEV community to investigate many types of batteries. These new battery types also promise greater cycle depth, power and energy capacity. BATTERY RATINGS AND CHARACTERISTICS: The decision as to which battery type to use in a HEV application depends on how well the characteristics of that battery match the needs of the HEV design. The battery characteristics of most concern to the HEV designer are: CAPACITY: The battery capacity is a measure of how much energy the battery can store. Batteries do not simply serve as a bucket into which one dumps electricity and later extracts it. The amount of energy that can be extracted from a fully charged battery, for instance, depends on temperature, the rate of discharge, battery age, and battery type. Consequently it is difficult to specify a batterys capacity with a single number. There are primarily three ratings that are used to specify the capacity of a battery: Ampere-hour: The Amphere-hour (Ah) denotes the current at which a battery can discharge at a constant rate over a specified length of time. For SLI (starting-lighting-ignition) batteries that are commonly used in cars, the standard is to specify Ampere-hours for a 20 hours discharge. This standard is denoted by the nomenclature of C/20. A 60 Ah C/20 battery will produce 60 Ah for a 20 hour discharge. This means that the new and fully charged battery will produce 3 Amps for 20 hours it does not mean that the battery can produce 6 Amps for 10 hours (that would be signified by a C/10 60 Ah rating). Reserve Capacity:The reserve capacity denotes the length of time, in minutes, that a battery can produce a specified level of discharge. A value of 35 minutes at 25 Amps for the reserve capacity for a battery means that the fully charged battery can produce 25 Amps for 35 minutes. kWh Capacity: The kWh capacity metric is a measure of the energy (Volt * Amps * Time) required to fully charge a depleted battery. A depleted battery is usually not a fully discharged battery; a 12 V car battery is considered depleted when its voltage drops to 10.5 V. Similarly, a 6V battery is usually considered depleted when its voltage drops to 5.25 V. None of these capacity ratings completely describe the capacity of a battery. Each one is a measure of the capacity under specific conditions. The performance of a battery in an actual application may vary substantially due to different discharge/recharge rates, battery age, cycle history, and/or temperature. VOLTAGE: By definition a battery consists of two or more cells wired together. A lead-acid type cell produces approximately 2.1 Volts. A three cell lead-acid battery thus produces 6.3 V (6.3 = 2.1 * 3) and a six cell lead-acid battery produces 12.6 V. For a battery with fill caps, the number of cells can be determined by counting the number of fill caps. The voltage rating is that of a fully charged battery; its voltage will decrease as the battery is discharged. CYCLE DEPTH: Fully discharging a battery often destroys the battery or, at a minimum, dramatically shortens its life. Deep-cycle lead-acid batteries can be routinely discharged down to 15-20% of its capacity this represents a depth of discharge (DOD) of 85 to 80%. These deep-cycle batteries are constructed with thick plates for the cathodes and anodes in order to resist warping whereas in a conventional lead-acid batteries the plates are paper-thin. Regardless of whether or not the battery is deep-cycle or not, deep discharges shorten the life of a battery. A deep-cycle battery that can last 300 discharge-recharge cycles of 80% DOD (depth of discharge) may last 600 cycles at 50% DOD. WEIGHT/VOLUME: The designer must consider the weight and volume of the battery pack during the vehicle design process. Different battery types will provide the designer with different energy and power capacities per a given weight or volume. The key ratings to consider are the Specific Power/Energy and the Power/Energy densities. These ratings reveal how much power or energy the battery will provide per given weight or volume. ENERGY DENSITY/SPECIFIC ENERGY: Energy density is a measure of how much energy can be extracted from a battery per unit of battery weight or volume. By default, deep-cycle batteries provide the potential for higher energy densities than non-deep-cycle varieties since more of the energy in the battery can be extracted (e.g. larger acceptable DOD). POWER DENSITY/SPECIFIC POWER: Power density is a measure of how much power can be extracted from a battery per unit of battery weight or volume. In an analogy to a cars fuel system, the energy density is analogous to the size of the fuel tank and the power density is analogous to the octane of the fuel. OPERATING TEMPERATURE: Batteries work best within a limited temperature range. Most wet-cell lead-acid batteries perform best around 85 to 95 F. At temperatures above 125 F, lead-acid batteries will be damaged and, consequently, their life shortened. Performance of lead-acid batteries suffers at temperatures below 72 F; the colder it is the greater the degradation in performance. As the temperature falls below freezing (32 F), lead-acid batteries will act sluggish the battery has not lost its energy; its chemistry restrains it from delivering the energy. Batteries can also freeze. A fully charged lead-acid battery can survive 40 to 50 degrees below freezing, but a battery with a low state of charge (SOC) can freeze at temperatures as high as 30 F. When the water in a battery freezes it expands and can cause unrepairable damage to the cells. SULFATION: A low state of charge (SOC) in a lead acid battery can lead to sulfation that can seriously damage the battery. In a low SOC state, lead crystals that are formed during discharge can become so large that they resist being dissolved during the recharge process. This prevents the battery from being recharged. Sulfation can occur when the battery is left at a low SOC for a long period of time. SELF-DISCHARGE: A battery that is left alone will eventually discharge itself. This is particularly true of secondary (rechargeable) batteries as opposed to primary (non-rechargeable) batteries. BATTERY TYPES: There are many types of batteries that are currently being used or being developed for use in HEVs. The following table lists these types along with their common characteristics. The types are listed in descending order of popularity for use in HEVs, with the most popular choices at the top of the table. Typically the Energy Density, sometimes called Specific Energy, is rated at the C/3 rate (i.e. 3 hour discharge). Typical conditions for the Power Density or Specific Power rating is a 20 second discharge to 80% DOD. Cycle life is usually measured at 80% DOD. A brief description of each battery type follows: Lead Acid: Low cost and available now vs low energy density and only fair cycle life. The lead acid battery is composed of lead plates of grids suspended in an electrolyte solution of sulfuric acid and water. These batteries can be ruined by completely discharging them. Advanced Lead Acid: Available now. Longer cycle life than conventional lead acid. Valve regulated lead/acid (VLRA) batteries are showing great promise. Nickel-Cadmium: Higher energy density than lead acid and available now vs cost. memory effect and toxicity. The nickel-cadmium battery is composed of a nickel hydroxide cathode and a cadmium anode in an alkaline electrolyte solution. If these batteries are discharged only partially before recharging, the cells have a tendency to act as if they have a lower storage capacity than they actually designed for; this is the memory effect. Nickel-cadmium batteries can often be restored to full potential (i.e. full memory) with a few cycles of discharge and recharge. These batteries are often used to power small appliances, garden tools, and cellular telephones. Batteries made from Ni-Cd cells offer high currents at relatively constant voltage and they are tolerant of physical abuse. Nickel-Metal Hydride: High efficiency and environmentally friendly. The nickel-metal hydride battery is composed of a hydrogen storage metal alloy, a nickel oxide cathode, and a potassium hydroxide electrolyte. These batteries can be quickly recharged. They have been used for a long time to power flashlights, lap-top computers, and cellular telephones. Lithium-Ion: Lithium seems an ideal material for a battery: it is the lightest metal in addition to having the highest electric potential of all metals. Unfortunately, lithium is an unstable metal, so batteries that use lithium must be made using lithium ions (such as lithium-thionyl chloride). Even so, dangers persist with lithium-ion batteries. Many of the inorganic components of the battery and its casing are destroyed by the lithium ions and, on contact with water, lithium will react to create hydrogen which can ignite or can create excess pressure in the cell. If the lithium melts (melting point is 180 C), it may come into direct contact with the cathode, causing violent chemical reactions. As a consequence, lithium batteries are often limited to small sizes. Portable devices, such as notebook computers, smart cards, and cellular telephones, are often powered by lithium ion batteries. These batteries have no memory effect and do not use poisonous metals, such as lead, mercury or cadmium. Zinc-Bromide: High energy density and long cycle life vs complex and toxicity. Zinc-bromine batteries pass two oppositely charged liquids through an ion-exchange membrane to produce electricity. The electrolyte is usually a zinc bromide-potassium chloride solution. Bromine, in both liquid and vapor form, is toxic and a strong irritant. The required pumping system makes the system complexity. Lithium Polymer: Lithium-polymer cells have shown great promise, at the laboratory scale, for fulfilling the need for a battery of high specific power and energy in electric vehicle applications. A major uncertainty is whether heat generated in Li-polymer batteries during discharge at high power can be transported to the outside without excessive internal temperatures occurring. A second concern is whether lithium-polymer batteries can be brought up to operating temperatures in times acceptable to consumers. Sodium Nickel Chloride: In the charged state, the cell consists of a negative liquid sodium electrode and a solid positive electrode containing nickel chloride and nickel. The electrodes and electrolyte are encapsulated in a steel cell case which simultaneously functions as the negative pole of the cell. Zinc-air: High energy density vs short cycle life, low power density and low efficiency. The cathode of this battery is made of porous carbon which absorbs oxygen from the air. The zinc-air battery uses a zinc anode and the electrolyte is a base (rather than an acid), typically potassium hydroxide. Zinc-air batteries have been used in hearing aids for many years. Vanadium Redox: High efficiency and can be completely discharged without damage vs high cost. The term redox is an abbreviation of reduction oxidation. This battery, along with the Iron Redox battery, obtain their power when one the chemicals is reduced (i.e. gains electrons) while the other is oxidized (i.e. loses electrons). This battery is still very much in the development stages but shows great promise for EV use. There are several other battery types that researchers have considered for HEVs, but their use are not common. These include, listed with their major strengths and weaknesses: Aluminum-air: Long shelf-life and high energy density vs complex and low efficiency. Aluminum-air batteries obtain their energy from the interaction of aluminum with air. The incoming air must be filtered, scrubbed of CO2, and dehumidified; the water and electrolyte must be pumped and maintained within a narrow temperature range hence the complexity of the battery. The batteries are not electrically recharged but are refueled by replacing the aluminum anodes and the water supply. Iron-air: High energy density vs complex, short cycle life, and high self-discharge rate. The iron-air battery uses electrodes made of iron and carbon. The carbon electrode provides oxygen for the electrochemical reaction. These batteries can be electrically recharged. Iron-air batteries are significantly effected by temperature; they perform poorly below 0 C. Lithium-iron sulfide: High energy density vs high operating temperature. The lithium-iron sulfide battery is composed of a lithium alloy anode and an iron sulfide cathode suspended in an electrolyte molten salt solution. A variation of this battery system uses a cathode made of lithium-iron sulfide. Nickel-iron: High energy density and long life vs high cost and high self-discharge rate. Nickel-iron batteries employ cathodes of nickel-oxide and anodes of iron in a potassium hydroxide solution. Nickel-iron batteries have long been used in European mining operations because of their ability to withstand vibrations, high temperatures and other physical stress. Also known as the Edison battery (invented by Thomas Edison in 1901). Nickel-zinc: High power density vs short cycle life. The nickel-zinc battery is composed of a nickel oxide cathode and a zinc anode in a small amount of potassium hydroxide electrolyte. Recharging can be tricky in that zinc can be redeposited in areas where it is not desired, leading to the physical weakening and eventual failure of the electrode.. Silver-zinc: High energy density vs high cost and short cycle life. The cathode in a silver-zinc battery is a silver screen pasted with silver oxide. The anode is a porous plate of zinc, and the electrolyte is a solution of potassium hydroxide saturated with zinc hydroxide. Their high cost results from the amount of silver needed for the construction of these batteries. Sodium-sulfur: High energy density and high efficiency vs high operating temperature. Used in Ford Ecostar van. The Ford Motor Company patented the sodium-sulfur battery in 1965. The battery, unlike most other batteries, uses a solid electrolyte (beta aluminum) and liquid electrodes (molten sulfur and sodium). These batteries require to be heated to around 325 C in order to operate because it is at these temperatures that sulfur and sodium will melt (i.e. be liquid). Zinc-chlorine: High energy density and long cycle life vs complex, requires refrigeration, and toxicity. Similar to the zinc-bromide battery (bromine and chlorine are both halogens), the zinc-chlorine battery is even more complex since it requires refrigeration during the recharging process to remove heat.Chlorine gas is highly lethal. Zinc-Manganese: Low peak power output and short cycle life. Zinc-Manganese Dioxide Alkaline Cells: When an alkaline electrolyteinstead of the mildly acidic electrolyteis used in a regular zinc-carbon battery, it is called an alkaline battery. FACTORS AFFECTING BATTERY PERFORMANCE: TEMPERATURE: Battery performance is highly dependent on temperature. Each type of battery works best within a limited range of temperatures. Concerns related to battery temperature include: Poor energy and power extraction performance for temperatures outside of operating temperature range. Thermal runaway-during high power extraction the temperature of the battery increases which makes further power extraction more difficult which causes subsequent increases in temperature, and so on long heat up times before battery reaches operating temperature-this is a concern for ambient temperature batteries such as lead-acid in cold environments and also for batteries such as lithium/polymer-electrolyte which requires an operating temperature that is elevated above ambient the battery temperature can change with changing current flowing through the internal resistance of the battery. The internal resistance can vary with the changing state of charge (SOC) of the battery. The temperature of battery can also be quite different between different cells since the cells in the center are more insulated from outside convective cooling than the cells at the ends/edges. Consequently, the cells in the center may see a higher temperature rise than the ones near the outer boundaries of the battery package. The impact that temperature exerts on battery capacity can be explained with a simple model of the battery electrochemistry. As the temperature increase towards the peak-performance-operating temperature the electrolyte viscosity decreases, thus allowing for increased diffusion of ions and hence increased battery performance. As the temperature increases past this peak point, the battery electrodes begin to corrode thus leading to a reduced active electrode area and thus to fewer electrode reactions and reduced battery capacity. BATTERY AGE/SHELF LIFE: Corrosion is the main component behind decreased performance in lead acid type batteries by age. DEPTH OF DISCHARGE: Batteries are able to maintain their performance longer when they are not deeply discharged regularly.

Target and Job Satisfaction Free Essays

Target and Job Satisfaction. Job satisfaction is very important in regards to keeping employees productive and efficient. If a employee is not happy with their working environment, co-workers, or the task on hand, then they are more likely to be less efficient and productive for the company. We will write a custom essay sample on Target and Job Satisfaction or any similar topic only for you Order Now With that being said, Target is a wonderful place for advancement and status in a career with Target. Target states â€Å"We’re devoted to helping our more than 365,000 team members throughout the world live well and achieve their goals, know that their diver perspectives, talents and commitments make both our company and communities the best they can be. This statement and ideology shows the public that Target believes that the company is nothing without the employees that put their energy into it. Target has enforced this by providing their employees with incentives such as: resources, services and benefits programs. As far as leaders in each department, Target has ensured that leaders are well invested in and that they are given the opportunity to personal career development and networking opportunities. What makes Target special when it comes to Job Satisfaction is that they offer a variety of career development opportunities for the purpose of building the best team, because the best team represents the company itself. During the hiring process, target is in the pursuit of top talents that they intend to foster so that they not support the individuals growth but also set guidelines and development goals so that each member are able to pursue it. Target believes in the social well-being of everybody inside and outside the company. They believe in the concept that building strong relationships and enjoying life inside and outside work settings will distinguish other companies. For example, Target offers discounts, fun activities, social networks, and life event resources to help team members create a meaningful connection with others. Target wants to make every employee feel to feel part of the family. Other incentives include: onboarding, leadership development programs, training and development resources, career planning, diversity and inclusion business councils, Coaching and mentoring, Recognition programs, tuition reimbursements, team member life resources, and more. To add, Target is also aware of the financial well-being and how its is important to make good financial decisions in the present and to plan for the future. They offer savings and invent plans, time off, and insurance options to help team members meet their financial goals; some of this may include: One of the best 401 k plans in retail, vacation, national holidays and personal days, 10% team member discount, Target Credit Union, Adoption assistance reimbursement, Daycare Flexible Spending Account (FSA), Child care discount, Life Insurance, Disability insurance, commuter benefits and more. Also, Target also offers good health benefits for their Employees. They are committed to providing and encouraging wellness and promoting preventive care, such as offering the many benefits and resource to help team members and their families lead healthy, and balanced lives. Health benefits include: Medical, dental, vision and prescription drug coverage, programs and rewards to encourage healthy actions, maternity support program, nurseline, Tobacco cessation program, well-being education resources, team member life resources, and more. Target has identified that there are about 120 different career paths that exist for team members to explore. This is good because if a current employee is not satisfied with their current position, then they have the option and the opportunity to change career paths, which is a prenominal process of transition, in my opinion. What also makes Target ideal as far as job satisfaction, is that aside from assisting current members with certain incentives mentioned above, but also for spouses, domestic partners and other dependents. Training and mentoring programs are also offered to employees to assist and prepare team members for current or new challenges. This special program is designed in a way that offers external benchmarking combined with industry research, as well as partnerships and internal expertise. What this means is that everything that is trained to employees is offered through not only internal settings but also external settings. The company will help find the best method, whether it is from in-house or, experts outside the company, target will do their best in providing the best training and mentoring program and experts for employees to improve and become as productive as they want to be. To further the job satisfaction of employees, there is a system for talent management is put into great consideration and implemented to Target’s employees. Target calls it the â€Å"Leadership Foundations and Expectations Competency Model† which informs and teaches every team member exactly which skills and abilities are needed for them to succeed; no team member will be left behind. Target applies this method and administer this process by following talent-planning routines such as the Best Team Survey, which allots team members to voice their opinions. This method not only help employees speak out their voice but also help improve Target. Communication is important to target and believes that every voice and opinion should be heard. Target has design a program called â€Å"Regular Review Process† which ensures that not only leaders but team members meet routinely and regularly so that they can discuss the strengths and the potential development opportunities for the company; the company meets with their leader four times a year to negotiate and discuss business goals, performance, and development and career goals, with every if not all team members participating in a formal performance review once a year. Target is really the best when it comes to the benefits in retail, and that providing competitive pay, insurance coverage, career mentoring and so many great perks for the target family. They provide so many incentives for team members to speak out, and find a myriad of benefits for not only themselves but also for potential family members. Target’s importance to the local community and corporate social responsibility represent and defines target. This can include: target-sponsored volunteer activities, target volunteer councils, community captains, community awards and grants, and more. Target takes pride in providing so much for their team so that they can contribute and show their strong community. Citations. â€Å"Benefits. †Ã‚  Employee Benefits, Fringe Benefits, Perks. N. p. , n. d. Web. 18 Nov. 2012. https://corporate. target. com/careers/benefits. â€Å"Culture.   Culture: Working at Target. N. p. , n. d. Web. 18 Nov. 2012. https://corporate. target. com/careers/culture â€Å"Social. †Ã‚  Employee Social Benefits: Enjoying Life. N. p. , n. d. Web. 18 Nov. 2012. https://corporate. target. com/careers/benefits/social-benefits. â€Å"Team Members. †Ã‚  Our Team Members: Partners in Our Success. N. p. , n. d. Web. 18 Nov. 2012. https://corporate. target. com/corporate-responsibility/team-members How to cite Target and Job Satisfaction, Essay examples

Leadership Style At Coca Cola Company - Free Smaple

Question: Discuss about the Leadership Style at Coca Cola Company. Answer: Introduction Leadership can be defined as a trait to motivate and empower others by taking up responsibility of a task and turn a vision into reality (Northouse, 2015). Several leaders all over the world are famous for their own styles. Hitler for his authoritative style, Martin Luther King Jr. for participative style, Warren Buffet for his delegative style are some of the examples (Almodaresi, 2015). Leadership is seen through and through in any business setting and each leader has their own style (Daft, 2014). The report below is an analysis of leadership styles seen in case of Coca-Cola, a century old beverage manufacturing company that has been through many phases in its course of development and has been under the guidance of several leadership styles (Penderghast, 2013). The report highlights three leadership styles that have put the company at the top and gives the examples of the three leaders who have displayed excellent leadership traits and decision making skill (Shetty, 2014). About the Company Background Established in 1886 in Atlanta, Georgia, Coca-Cola has become one of the most successful American based multinational beverage company (Foster, 2012). The companys prime product is carbonated soda named Coca Cola which is served all around the world, except for Cuba and North Korea. The company also produces several other products such as bottled water, sports drink, flavored water and several kinds of soft drinks that are customized according to the local country demands. The company also holds the maximum market share in cold beverage sales Organizational Structure and leadership The company does business globally but operates at a local level working with 250 bottling partners around the world. The company does not own any of the bottling partners but rather operates through several local channels. The bottling partners are in constant contact with the local stores, multiplexes, restaurants and other customers to develop and execute local strategy along with the company. The beverage is unique and has a well distinguished taste there by making it crucial for the company to make sure that all the bottles sold worldwide have the same taste. The organizational structure in Coca Cola is developed such that all its operations function smoothly and ensuring growth of the company. This structure is robust yet flexible to adopt to the needs of the local market (Pfitzer, 2013). The company has a Board comprising of 15 members including the CEO of Coca-Cola Ahmet Muhtar Kent. These board member are all divided and head several other committees as described in the figure 1 Figure 1: Committees and their members at Coca-Cola The organization is also divided according to the region of operations. The company in the year of 2016 have changed their International operating structure to make use of the management expertise of their key leaders. The company is now divided in to three regional groups EMEA Europe, Middle East and Africa led by Brian Smith Latin America Led by Alfredo Rivera Asia Pacific Led by John Murphy The company organizes itself whenever required to make sure either regional decisions or divisional decisions. All the decisions are overlooked by the 12 board members to ensure that the growth of the company sustains. Leadership at Coca Cola The vision of Coca Cola consists of 6 Ps. People, portfolio, partners, planet, profit and productivity (Svendsen, 2013). The company believes in a winning culture. It lives in its value of leadership, collaboration, integrity, accountability, passion, diversity and quality. It believed in focusing on the market to achieve its vision. The employees are expected to act like owners and work smart. Their mission is to refresh the world, inspire moments of optimism and happiness, create value and make a difference. The mission, vision and the culture of the company clearly has been developed over several years working towards progress. The company achievement today is clearly due to the exceptional leadership at Coca Cola. It is impossible to survive in a food and beverage market for over a century if the leaders are not aligned to the organizational goals (Golema, 2013). Starting from Asa Griggs Candler to the current CEO Ahmet Muhtar Kent, the company has been led by intellectuals and effective businessmen to become one of the most reputed organization around the world. The leadership style in the organization itself is of a delegative style (Clark, 2013). A quick glance at the organization structure itself shows that the organization believes in need to delegate and rule instead of taking all the responsibilities. Dividing the organization based on the functions and ensuring that all the functions are not under the control of a single entity and using SMEs to work in each functional division is a brilliant strategy and a clear example of delegative leadership. Innovative Leadership The concept of Innovative Leadership has been coined by Dr. David Gliddon which involves the idea generation, evaluation and implementation. With its roots in path-goal theory, leader member exchange theory and the increasing need for creative and effective ways to motivate, empower and lead, several leaders today can be classified as innovative leader (baker, 2015). Ahmet Muhtar Kent is one of them. The five-fold agenda of the CEO makes his approach an innovative way to develop the company. Muhtar believes in the need to invest in research and development, in the welfare of the employees and finding new methods to satisfy the customers displaying the trait of valuing the resources. Collaborative nature of the CEO encourages partnership with several companies (Lowitt, 2013). The CEO encourages innovative ideas in marketing, finance and almost all fields in the organization to ensure that the ideas of his employees are counted in and every single mind in the company is valued. All thi s skills make an extremely good impression of a lead by example principal. The CEO expects his employee to be innovation and creativity and he himself through the strategic principles puts forth these skills. Cross Cultural Leadership For companies operating at global levels it is quite necessary to have people in the organization who can adopt and work with multiple cultures. Though the heads of each country working for Coca Cola are usually chosen from the native employees, being a president or a chairman for an entire area that covers multiple cultures is quite difficult. However, at Coca Cola cross culture leadership is efficiently implemented by several regional chairmen. One person in the Coca Cola Company that has been able to successfully implement this style of leadership is Atul Singh, the current chairman of Asia Pacific Group. The chairman makes operation decisions for 36 predominant markets in the Asia Pacific Group. He works with employees hailing in five business units that comprise of India, China, Korea, Japan and other Asian countries. The cultures and the working styles of each of this country is completely different. Japanese are productive and quick, while Chinese are punctual and Indians are hard working. Working different kind of employees especially in an operations set up needs a clear understanding of the cultures the company operate in. Atul Singh has been the vice president of Coca Cola India and moved on to work in Mainland China. Singh played a significant role in restricting the Coca-Colas system to fit the needs of each of the region. He made sure to make changes to the bottling system used in Indonesia to meet the fasting growing need in the country by switching to two production lines. The same is in question for Japan and China. At Coca Cola, regional decisions are made by the regional chairmen and board rather than by the global board. It is only apt that these employees understand the need of the region way better than the head office and hence are given significant authority to implement these changes (Murthy, 2014). For the sake of the new bottling system in Indonesia alone the company spent $500 million to support the changes showing the trust and val ue they place in their regional heads. Singh also heads the gender diversity campaign called the Asia Pacific Talent Initiative. Visionary Leadership Every company has a vision and expects every employee to work towards achieving this vision. Every person has their own way of working towards this vision. However, there are also those employees that make this vision itself a style of working. The companys vision of the 6 Ps have been adopted into the very style of working of James Quiency, the president and Chief Operating officer of Coca Cola. A visionary leader is an excellent communicator, risk-taker, well organized, strategic and charismatic and so is James Quiency (Szucs, 2014). Quiency is responsible for all the operating decisions made globally. Although armed with a battalion of other experts working at regional and functional level, Quiency holds the responsibility to analyze and approve several decisions. Quiency was responsible for the growth of Coca Cola in Europe to become the largest shareholder in nonalcoholic ready to drink beverage section of the region. He has strategically improved the brand image by collaborating with efficient partners such as Erfrischungsgetranke AG and Iberian partners displaying charisma and effective communication. He also improved the operation execution process in the region to decrease deliver time and increase the capacity of production through his management skills. He also played a major role in acquiring companies such as Innocent juice that proved to be a profitable segment. The re-launch of Coca Cola Zero and the acquisition of Jugos e Valle are all due to visionary leadership of Quiency. He I known for this communication ability, motivational behavior, negotiate skills and most of all the belief in the companys vision. He had worked relentlessly in communicating and motivating the People he works with, developing the portfolio of the company, collaborating with efficient partners, acquiring profitable organization and increasing productivity thorough his efficient operation management. Conclusion Leadership is the key to success in any business set up. In case of MNCs leadership plays a much vital role to ensure coordination and alignment of different regions towards growth. At Coca Cola, a company that adopts a delegative leadership style, individuals such as the CEO, COO and regional chairman have shown the new and adaptive leadership approaches. It is a combination of all these approaches and the adaptive and robust nature of the company that has helped the company to ace the beverage market for over a century. References Almodaresi, S. M. A., Ebrahimzade, R., Abolghasemi, M. (2015). Study the impact of types of leadership on talent management (case study: Yazd Red Crescent organization). Journal of Health Administration (JHA), 18(59), Pe92-Pe105. Baker, J. D. (2015). Getting buzzed on innovative leadership. AORN journal, 101(4), 401-403. Clark, D. (2013). Leadership styles. Daft, R. L. (2014). The leadership experience. Cengage Learning. Foster, R. J. (2012). Coca Globalization. John Wiley Sons, Ltd. Goleman, D., Boyatzis, R., McKee, A. (2013). Primal leadership: Unleashing the power of emotional intelligence. Harvard Business Press. Lowitt, E. (2013). The Collaboration Economy. Murthy, D. V., VenuGopal, K., Ratnalu, D. (2014). Business excellence with indianism: an epitome to global leadership. DMIETR, 69. Northouse, P. G. (2015). Leadership: Theory and practice. Sage publications. Pendergrast, M. (2013). For God, country, and Coca-Cola: The definitive history of the great American soft drink and the company that makes it. Basic Books. Pfitzer, M., Bockstette, V., Stamp, M. (2013). Innovating for shared value. Harvard Business Review, 91(9), 100-107. Shetty, N. (2014). Leadership Style at Coca-Cola Company. Retrieved July, 16. Svendsen, S. E. (2013). Refresh. Create. Inspire: A Rhetorical Analysis of the Mission, Vision and Values Behind The Coca-Cola Company and the Digital Marketing Strategies of the (Doctoral dissertation, Liberty University). Szucs, R. S. (2014). Cognitive Level Of Consumers'knowledge In The Case Of A Few Food Products. European Scientific Journal, 10(10).